Autonomous vehicle component maintenance and repair

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems for autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicle control relating to malfunctions are disclosed. Malfunctioning sensors or software of autonomous vehicles may be identified from operating data of the vehicle, and a component maintenance requirement status associated with such malfunctioning component may be generated. Based upon such status, usage restrictions may be enacted to limit operation of the vehicle while the component is malfunctioning. This may include disabling or restricting use of certain autonomous or semi-autonomous features of the vehicle until the component is repaired or replaced. Repair may be accomplished by automatically scheduling repair of the vehicle or installing an updated or uncorrupted version of a software program, in various embodiments.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of, and claims the benefit of: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,239, entitled, “Autonomous Vehicle Component Maintenance and Repair,” filed Jan. 18, 2017, which claims priority to and the benefit of the filing date of the following applications: (1) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/286,017 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Routing, Maintenance, & Fault Determination,” filed on Jan. 22, 2016; (2) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/287,659 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Technology,” filed on Jan. 27, 2016; (3) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/302,990 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Routing,” filed on Mar. 3, 2016; (4) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/303,500 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Routing,” filed on Mar. 4, 2016; (5) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/312,109 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Routing,” filed on Mar. 23, 2016; (6) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/349,884 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Component and System Assessment,” filed on Jun. 14, 2016; (7) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/351,559 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Component and System Assessment,” filed on Jun. 17, 2016; (8) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/373,084 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Communications,” filed on Aug. 10, 2016; (9) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/376,044 entitled “Autonomous Operation Expansion through Caravans,” filed on Aug. 17, 2016; (10) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/380,686 entitled “Autonomous Operation Expansion through Caravans,” filed on Aug. 29, 2016; (11) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/381,848 entitled “System and Method for Autonomous Vehicle Sharing Using Facial Recognition,” filed on Aug. 31, 2016; (12) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/406,595 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Action Communications,” filed on Oct. 11, 2016; (13) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/406,600 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Path Coordination,” filed on Oct. 11, 2016; (14) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/406,605 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Signal Control,” filed on Oct. 11, 2016; (15) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/406,611 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Application,” filed on Oct. 11, 2016; (16) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/415,668 entitled “Method and System for Enhancing the Functionality of a Vehicle,” filed on Nov. 1, 2016; (17) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/415,672 entitled “Method and System for Repairing a Malfunctioning Autonomous Vehicle,” filed on Nov. 1, 2016; (18) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/415,673 entitled “System and Method for Autonomous Vehicle Sharing Using Facial Recognition,” filed on Nov. 1, 2016; (19) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/415,678 entitled “System and Method for Autonomous Vehicle Ride Sharing Using Facial Recognition,” filed on Nov. 1, 2016; (20) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/418,988 entitled “Virtual Testing of Autonomous Vehicle Control System,” filed on Nov. 8, 2016; (21) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/418,999 entitled “Detecting and Responding to Autonomous Vehicle Collisions,” filed on Nov. 8, 2016; (22) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/419,002 entitled “Automatic Repair on Autonomous Vehicles,” filed on Nov. 8, 2016; (23) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/419,009 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Component Malfunction Impact Assessment,” filed on Nov. 8, 2016; (24) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/419,017 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Sensor Malfunction Detection,” filed on Nov. 8, 2016; (25) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/419,023 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Damage and Salvage Assessment,” filed on Nov. 8, 2016; (26) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/424,078 entitled “Systems and Methods for Sensor Monitoring,” filed Nov. 18, 2016; (27) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/424,093 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Sensor Malfunction Detection,” filed on Nov. 18, 2016; (28) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/428,843 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Control,” filed on Dec. 1, 2016; (29) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/430,215 entitled Autonomous Vehicle Environment and Component Monitoring,” filed on Dec. 5, 2016; (30) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/434,355 entitled “Virtual Testing of Autonomous Environment Control System,” filed Dec. 14, 2016; (31) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/434,359 entitled “Detecting and Responding to Autonomous Environment Incidents,” filed Dec. 14, 2016; (32) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/434,361 entitled “Component Damage and Salvage Assessment,” filed Dec. 14, 2016; (33) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/434,365 entitled “Sensor Malfunction Detection,” filed Dec. 14, 2016; (34) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/434,368 entitled “Component Malfunction Impact Assessment,” filed Dec. 14, 2016; and (35) provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 62/434,370 entitled “Automatic Repair of Autonomous Components,” filed Dec. 14, 2016. The entire contents of each of the preceding applications are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.

Additionally, the present application is related to the following co-pending U.S. patent applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,143 entitled “Autonomous Operation Suitability Assessment and Mapping,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,146 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Routing,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,149 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Routing During Emergencies,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,159 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Trip Routing,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,163 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Parking,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,167 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Retrieval,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,092 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Action Communications,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,099 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Path Coordination,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,107 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Signal Control,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (10) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,115 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Application,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (11) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,136 entitled “Method and System for Enhancing the Functionality of a Vehicle,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (12) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,180 entitled “Method and System for Repairing a Malfunctioning Autonomous Vehicle,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (13) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,148 entitled “System and Method for Autonomous Vehicle Sharing Using Facial Recognition,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (14) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,198 entitled “System and Method for Autonomous Vehicle Ride Sharing Using Facial Recognition,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (15) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,215 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Sensor Malfunction Detection,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (16) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,248 entitled “Sensor Malfunction Detection,” filed Jar 18, 2017; (17) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,271 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Component Malfunction Impact Assessment,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (18) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,305 entitled “Component Malfunction Impact Assessment,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (19) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,318 entitled “Automatic Repair of Autonomous Vehicles,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (20) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,336 entitled “Automatic Repair of Autonomous Components,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (21) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,340 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Damage and Salvage Assessment,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (22) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,349 entitled “Component Damage and Salvage Assessment,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (23) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,359 entitled “Detecting and Responding to Autonomous Vehicle Collisions,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (24) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,371 entitled “Detecting and Responding to Autonomous Environment Incidents,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (25) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,3445 entitled “Virtual Testing of Autonomous Vehicle Control System,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (26) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,473 entitled “Virtual Testing of Autonomous Environment Control System,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (27) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,220 entitled “Autonomous Electric Vehicle Charging,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (28) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,213 entitled “Coordinated Autonomous Vehicle Automatic Area Scanning,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (29) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,228 entitled “Operator-Specific Configuration of Autonomous Vehicle Operation,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (30) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,236 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Operation Adjustment Based Upon Route,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; (31) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,239 entitled “Autonomous Vehicle Component Maintenance and Repair,” filed Jan. 18, 2017; and (32) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/409,243 entitled “Anomalous Condition Detection and Response for Autonomous Vehicles,” filed Jan. 18, 2017.

FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods for autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle control, including detection of and response to environmental anomalies or malfunctioning components.

BACKGROUND

Vehicles are typically operated by a human vehicle operator who controls both steering and motive controls. Operator error, inattention, inexperience, misuse, or distraction leads to many vehicle collisions each year, resulting in injury and damage. Autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles augment vehicle operators' information or replace vehicle operators' control commands to operate the vehicle, in whole or part, with computer systems based upon information from sensors within, or attached to, the vehicle. Such vehicles may be operated with or without passengers, thus requiring different means of control than traditional vehicles. Such vehicles also may include a plurality of advanced sensors, capable of providing significantly more data (both in type and quantity) than is available even from GPS navigation assistance systems installed in traditional vehicles.

Ensuring safe operation of such autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles is of the utmost importance because the automated systems of these vehicles may not function properly in all environments. Although autonomous operation may be safer than manual operation under ordinary driving conditions, unusual or irregular environmental conditions may significantly impair the functioning of the autonomous operation features controlling the autonomous vehicle. Under some conditions, autonomous operation may become impractical or excessively dangerous. As an example, fog or heavy rain may greatly reduce the ability of autonomous operation features to safely control the vehicle. Additionally, damage or other impairment of sensors or other components of autonomous systems may significantly increase the risks associated with autonomous operation. Such conditions may change frequently, thereby changing the safety of autonomous vehicle operation.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present embodiments may be related to autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle operation, including driverless operation of fully autonomous vehicles. The embodiments described herein relate particularly to various aspects of route determination and navigation of autonomous vehicles. This may include determining suitability of roads or road segments for varying levels of autonomous operation, which may include generating maps indicating roadway suitability for autonomous operation. This may further include route planning, adjustment, or optimization, including risk management by avoidance of road segments associated with high risk levels for vehicle accidents involving autonomous vehicles. This may yet further include autonomous route generation and/or implementation in emergency or non-emergency situations. Yet further embodiments may be related to parking autonomous vehicles and retrieving parked autonomous vehicles, which may similarly involve autonomous route determination and/or vehicle control.

In one aspect, a computer-implemented method for maintaining components of vehicles having one or more autonomous operation features may be provided. The method may include (1) monitoring operating data regarding operation of the one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle; (2) accessing baseline data associated with proper functioning of the one or more autonomous operation features; (3) detecting a deterioration of performance of a component of the vehicle based upon the operating data and the baseline data; (4) determining a component maintenance requirement status associated with the component based upon the detected deterioration of performance; (5) generating a notification including information regarding the component maintenance requirement status and a recommendation to repair or replace the component; and/or (6) presenting the notification to an owner, operator, or other party associated with the vehicle. The component maintenance requirement status may indicate a current or predicted future failure of the component. The method may include additional, less, or alternate actions, including those discussed elsewhere herein.

For instance, the method may further include determining one or more risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle using at least one of the autonomous operation features associated with the component based upon the component maintenance requirement status; determining one or more usage restrictions associated with the at least one of the autonomous operation features based upon the one or more risk levels; and/or enforcing the one or more usage restrictions until the component has been determined to have been repaired or replaced. In some embodiments, the method may further include monitoring additional operating data associated with the component following presentation of the notification; determining whether the component has been repaired or replaced based upon the additional operating data and the baseline data; and, when the component has been repaired or replaced, removing the one or more usage restrictions. Enforcing the one or more usage restrictions may include disabling the at least one autonomous operation feature. In some instances the component maintenance requirement status may include a plurality of predictions of probabilities of failure of the component at a plurality of times. In such instances, the one or more risk levels may be associated with the plurality of times and may be determined based at least in part upon the plurality of predictions of probabilities. Thus, the usage restrictions may be associated with the determined plurality of times.

In some embodiments, the component may be a sensor providing sensor data to at least one of the one or more autonomous operation features, in which case the operating data may include sensor data generated by the sensor. Likewise, the component may be a software component associated with the one or more autonomous operation features. In such instances, the operating data may include software data regarding operation of the software component. The deterioration of performance may be detected by determining that the software component is a corrupted copy of a software program or not a current version of the software program. Thus, the component maintenance requirement status may indicate an update or patch to the software component to be installed. Determining the component maintenance requirement status may include evaluating the operating data using a machine learning model, the machine learning model having previously been trained using historical operating data associated with known statuses of components. The component maintenance requirement status may include an indication of a type of repair or replacement associated with the component. In some such embodiments, the method may further include identifying a repair facility capable of performing the type of repair or replacement, and automatically communicating with a computing device associated with the repair facility to schedule an appointment to perform the determined type of repair or replacement.

Systems or computer-readable media storing instructions for implementing all or part of the system described above may also be provided in some aspects. Systems for implementing such methods may include one or more of the following: a mobile computing device, an on-board computer, a remote server, one or more sensors, one or more communication modules configured to communicate wirelessly via radio links, radio frequency links, and/or wireless communication channels, and/or one or more program memories coupled to one or more processors of the mobile computing device, on-board computer, or remote server. Such program memories may store instructions to cause the one or more processors to implement part or all of the method described above. Additional or alternative features described herein below may be included in some aspects.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Advantages will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description of the preferred embodiments which have been shown and described by way of illustration. As will be realized, the present embodiments may be capable of other and different embodiments, and their details are capable of modification in various respects. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.

The figures described below depict various aspects of the applications, methods, and systems disclosed herein. It should be understood that each figure depicts an embodiment of a particular aspect of the disclosed applications, systems and methods, and that each of the figures is intended to accord with a possible embodiment thereof. Furthermore, wherever possible, the following description refers to the reference numerals included in the following figures, in which features depicted in multiple figures are designated with consistent reference numerals.

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary autonomous vehicle data system for autonomous vehicle operation, monitoring, and related functions;

FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary autonomous vehicle monitoring system, showing a plurality of vehicles and smart infrastructure components;

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary on-board computer or mobile device;

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary autonomous vehicle operation method;

FIGS. 4A-B illustrate flow diagrams of exemplary autonomous vehicle operation monitoring methods for obtaining and recording information during vehicle operation;

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary autonomous operation suitability mapping method for determining the suitability of various locations for autonomous and/or semi-autonomous operation of vehicles;

FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary autonomous vehicle routing method for determining a route between predetermined locations to provide autonomous vehicle navigation support;

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary anomaly detection and response method for automatically identifying and adjusting to anomalous conditions within the vehicle operating environment of a vehicle; and

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary component maintenance and repair method for maintaining components of a vehicle.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The systems and methods disclosed herein generally relate to collecting, communicating, evaluating, predicting, and/or utilizing data associated with autonomous or semi-autonomous operation features for controlling a vehicle. The autonomous operation features may take full control of the vehicle under certain conditions, viz. fully autonomous operation, or the autonomous operation features may assist the vehicle operator in operating the vehicle, viz. partially autonomous operation. Fully autonomous operation features may include systems within the vehicle that pilot the vehicle to a destination with or without a vehicle operator present (e.g., an operating system for a driverless car). Partially autonomous operation features may assist the vehicle operator in limited ways (e.g., automatic braking or collision avoidance systems). Fully or partially autonomous operation features may perform specific functions to control or assist in controlling some aspect of vehicle operation, or such features may manage or control other autonomous operation features. For example, a vehicle operating system may control numerous subsystems that each fully or partially controls aspects of vehicle operation.

Optimal route planning for fully or partially autonomous vehicles may be provided using the systems and methods described herein. A user may input an origin and a destination (e.g., A and B locations), whether they want to drive fully autonomous or take the fastest route, and/or whether they will need to park the vehicle nearby or close to the destination. Routes may be optimized for private passengers based upon road safety for autonomous vehicles (e.g., predetermined “safe for autonomous vehicle” roads), whether or not the roads allow autonomous vehicles, or other factors (e.g., routes with the least manual intervention required, fastest routes, etc.). Alerts may be provided or generated when the autonomous vehicle is approaching an area or road where manual intervention may be needed. Optimal routes may also be determined for carpooling or vehicle sharing, delivery or other commercial use, emergency response (e.g., a “self-driving to hospital” mode), non-driving passenger pick-up and drop-off (e.g., children, elderly, etc.), autonomous parking and retrieval, or other purposes. In some embodiments, vehicle-infrastructure technology may be used and/or collect data to develop a most efficient/safest route. The presence of smart stoplights, railroad crossings, and other infrastructure may be mapped, and routes may be optimized to include traveling by the most incidences of smart infrastructure.

In addition to information regarding the position or movement of a vehicle, autonomous operation features may collect and utilize other information, such as data about other vehicles or control decisions of the vehicle. Such additional information may be used to improve vehicle operation, route the vehicle to a destination, warn of component malfunctions, advise others of potential hazards, or for other purposes described herein. Information may be collected, assessed, and/or shared via applications installed and executing on computing devices associated with various vehicles or vehicle operators, such as on-board computers of vehicles or smartphones of vehicle operators. By using computer applications to obtain data, the additional information generated by autonomous vehicles or features may be used to assess the autonomous features themselves while in operation or to provide pertinent information to non-autonomous vehicles through an electronic communication network. These and other advantages are further described below.

Autonomous operation features utilize data not available to a human operator, respond to conditions in the vehicle operating environment faster than human operators, and do not suffer fatigue or distraction. Thus, the autonomous operation features may also significantly affect various risks associated with operating a vehicle. Moreover, combinations of autonomous operation features may further affect operating risks due to synergies or conflicts between features. To account for these effects on risk, some embodiments evaluate the quality of each autonomous operation feature and/or combination of features. This may be accomplished by testing the features and combinations in controlled environments, as well as analyzing the effectiveness of the features in the ordinary course of vehicle operation. New autonomous operation features may be evaluated based upon controlled testing and/or estimating ordinary-course performance based upon data regarding other similar features for which ordinary-course performance is known.

Some autonomous operation features may be adapted for use under particular conditions, such as city driving or highway driving. Additionally, the vehicle operator may be able to configure settings relating to the features or may enable or disable the features at will. Therefore, some embodiments monitor use of the autonomous operation features, which may include the settings or levels of feature use during vehicle operation. Information obtained by monitoring feature usage may be used to determine risk levels associated with vehicle operation, either generally or in relation to a vehicle operator. In such situations, total risk may be determined by a weighted combination of the risk levels associated with operation while autonomous operation features are enabled (with relevant settings) and the risk levels associated with operation while autonomous operation features are disabled. For fully autonomous vehicles, settings or configurations relating to vehicle operation may be monitored and used in determining vehicle operating risk.

In some embodiments, information regarding the risks associated with vehicle operation with and without the autonomous operation features may be used to determine risk categories or premiums for a vehicle insurance policy covering a vehicle with autonomous operation features, as described elsewhere herein. Risk category or price may be determined based upon factors relating to the evaluated effectiveness of the autonomous vehicle features. The risk or price determination may also include traditional factors, such as location, vehicle type, and level of vehicle use. For fully autonomous vehicles, factors relating to vehicle operators may be excluded entirely. For partially autonomous vehicles, factors relating to vehicle operators may be reduced in proportion to the evaluated effectiveness and monitored usage levels of the autonomous operation features. For vehicles with autonomous communication features that obtain information from external sources (e.g., other vehicles or infrastructure), the risk level and/or price determination may also include an assessment of the availability of external sources of information. Location and/or timing of vehicle use may thus be monitored and/or weighted to determine the risk associated with operation of the vehicle.

Exemplary Autonomous Vehicle Operation System

FIG. 1A illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary autonomous vehicle data system 100 on which the exemplary methods described herein may be implemented. The high-level architecture includes both hardware and software applications, as well as various data communications channels for communicating data between the various hardware and software components. The autonomous vehicle data system 100 may be roughly divided into front-end components 102 and back-end components 104. The front-end components 102 may obtain information regarding a vehicle 108 (e.g., a car, truck, motorcycle, etc.) and the surrounding environment. An on-board computer 114 may utilize this information to operate the vehicle 108 according to an autonomous operation feature or to assist the vehicle operator in operating the vehicle 108. To monitor the vehicle 108, the front-end components 102 may include one or more sensors 120 installed within the vehicle 108 that may communicate with the on-board computer 114. The front-end components 102 may further process the sensor data using the on-board computer 114 or a mobile device 110 (e.g., a smart phone, a tablet computer, a special purpose computing device, smart watch, wearable electronics, etc.) to determine when the vehicle is in operation and information regarding the vehicle.

In some embodiments of the system 100, the front-end components 102 may communicate with the back-end components 104 via a network 130. Either the on-board computer 114 or the mobile device 110 may communicate with the back-end components 104 via the network 130 to allow the back-end components 104 to record information regarding vehicle usage. The back-end components 104 may use one or more servers 140 to receive data from the front-end components 102, store the received data, process the received data, and/or communicate information associated with the received or processed data.

The front-end components 102 may be disposed within or communicatively connected to one or more on-board computers 114, which may be permanently or removably installed in the vehicle 108. The on-board computer 114 may interface with the one or more sensors 120 within the vehicle 108 (e.g., a digital camera, a LIDAR sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, an infrared sensor, an ignition sensor, an odometer, a system clock, a speedometer, a tachometer, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a compass, a geolocation unit, radar unit, etc.), which sensors may also be incorporated within or connected to the on-board computer 114.

The front end components 102 may further include a communication component 122 to transmit information to and receive information from external sources, including other vehicles, infrastructure, or the back-end components 104. In some embodiments, the mobile device 110 may supplement the functions performed by the on-board computer 114 described herein by, for example, sending or receiving information to and from the mobile server 140 via the network 130, such as over one or more radio frequency links or wireless communication channels. In other embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may perform all of the functions of the mobile device 110 described herein, in which case no mobile device 110 may be present in the system 100.

Either or both of the mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 may communicate with the network 130 over links 112 and 118, respectively. Either or both of the mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 may run a Data Application for collecting, generating, processing, analyzing, transmitting, receiving, and/or acting upon data associated with the vehicle 108 (e.g., sensor data, autonomous operation feature settings, or control decisions made by the autonomous operation features) or the vehicle environment (e.g., other vehicles operating near the vehicle 108). Additionally, the mobile device 110 and on-board computer 114 may communicate with one another directly over link 116.

The mobile device 110 may be either a general-use personal computer, cellular phone, smart phone, tablet computer, smart watch, wearable electronics, or a dedicated vehicle monitoring or control device. Although only one mobile device 110 is illustrated, it should be understood that a plurality of mobile devices 110 may be used in some embodiments. The on-board computer 114 may be a general-use on-board computer capable of performing many functions relating to vehicle operation or a dedicated computer for autonomous vehicle operation. Further, the on-board computer 114 may be installed by the manufacturer of the vehicle 108 or as an aftermarket modification or addition to the vehicle 108. In some embodiments or under certain conditions, the mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 may function as thin-client devices that outsource some or most of the processing to the server 140.

The sensors 120 may be removably or fixedly installed within the vehicle 108 and may be disposed in various arrangements to provide information to the autonomous operation features. Among the sensors 120 may be included one or more of a GPS unit, a radar unit, a LIDAR unit, an ultrasonic sensor, an infrared sensor, an inductance sensor, a camera, an accelerometer, a tachometer, or a speedometer. Some of the sensors 120 (e.g., radar, LIDAR, or camera units) may actively or passively scan the vehicle environment for obstacles (e.g., other vehicles, buildings, pedestrians, etc.), roadways, lane markings, signs, or signals. Other sensors 120 (e.g., GPS, accelerometer, or tachometer units) may provide data for determining the location or movement of the vehicle 108 (e.g., via GPS coordinates, dead reckoning, wireless signal triangulation, etc.). Other sensors 120 may be directed to the interior or passenger compartment of the vehicle 108, such as cameras, microphones, pressure sensors, thermometers, or similar sensors to monitor the vehicle operator and/or passengers within the vehicle 108. Information generated or received by the sensors 120 may be communicated to the on-board computer 114 or the mobile device 110 for use in autonomous vehicle operation.

In further embodiments, the front-end components may include an infrastructure communication device 124 for monitoring the status of one or more infrastructure components 126. Infrastructure components 126 may include roadways, bridges, traffic signals, gates, switches, crossings, parking lots or garages, toll booths, docks, hangars, or other similar physical portions of a transportation system's infrastructure. The infrastructure communication device 124 may include or be communicatively connected to one or more sensors (not shown) for detecting information relating to the condition of the infrastructure component 126. The sensors (not shown) may generate data relating to weather conditions, traffic conditions, or operating status of the infrastructure component 126.

The infrastructure communication device 124 may be configured to receive the sensor data generated and determine a condition of the infrastructure component 126, such as weather conditions, road integrity, construction, traffic, available parking spaces, etc. The infrastructure communication device 124 may further be configured to communicate information to vehicles 108 via the communication component 122. In some embodiments, the infrastructure communication device 124 may receive information from one or more vehicles 108, while, in other embodiments, the infrastructure communication device 124 may only transmit information to the vehicles 108. The infrastructure communication device 124 may be configured to monitor vehicles 108 and/or communicate information to other vehicles 108 and/or to mobile devices 110.

In some embodiments, the communication component 122 may receive information from external sources, such as other vehicles or infrastructure. The communication component 122 may also send information regarding the vehicle 108 to external sources. To send and receive information, the communication component 122 may include a transmitter and a receiver designed to operate according to predetermined specifications, such as the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) channel, wireless telephony, Wi-Fi, or other existing or later-developed communications protocols. The received information may supplement the data received from the sensors 120 to implement the autonomous operation features. For example, the communication component 122 may receive information that an autonomous vehicle ahead of the vehicle 108 is reducing speed, allowing the adjustments in the autonomous operation of the vehicle 108.

In addition to receiving information from the sensors 120, the on-board computer 114 may directly or indirectly control the operation of the vehicle 108 according to various autonomous operation features. The autonomous operation features may include software applications or modules implemented by the on-board computer 114 to generate and implement control commands to control the steering, braking, or throttle of the vehicle 108. To facilitate such control, the on-board computer 114 may be communicatively connected to control components of the vehicle 108 by various electrical or electromechanical control components (not shown). When a control command is generated by the on-board computer 114, it may thus be communicated to the control components of the vehicle 108 to effect a control action. In embodiments involving fully autonomous vehicles, the vehicle 108 may be operable only through such control components (not shown). In other embodiments, the control components may be disposed within or supplement other vehicle operator control components (not shown), such as steering wheels, accelerator or brake pedals, or ignition switches.

In some embodiments, the front-end components 102 communicate with the back-end components 104 via the network 130. The network 130 may be a proprietary network, a secure public internet, a virtual private network or some other type of network, such as dedicated access lines, plain ordinary telephone lines, satellite links, cellular data networks, combinations of these. The network 130 may include one or more radio frequency communication links, such as wireless communication links 112 and 118 with mobile devices 110 and on-board computers 114, respectively. Where the network 130 comprises the Internet, data communications may take place over the network 130 via an Internet communication protocol.

The back-end components 104 include one or more servers 140. Each server 140 may include one or more computer processors adapted and configured to execute various software applications and components of the autonomous vehicle data system 100, in addition to other software applications. The server 140 may further include a database 146, which may be adapted to store data related to the operation of the vehicle 108 and its autonomous operation features. Such data might include, for example, dates and times of vehicle use, duration of vehicle use, use and settings of autonomous operation features, information regarding control decisions or control commands generated by the autonomous operation features, speed of the vehicle 108, RPM or other tachometer readings of the vehicle 108, lateral and longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle 108, vehicle accidents, incidents or near collisions of the vehicle 108, hazardous or anomalous conditions within the vehicle operating environment (e.g., construction, accidents, etc.), communication between the autonomous operation features and external sources, environmental conditions of vehicle operation (e.g., weather, traffic, road condition, etc.), errors or failures of autonomous operation features, or other data relating to use of the vehicle 108 and the autonomous operation features, which may be uploaded to the server 140 via the network 130. The server 140 may access data stored in the database 146 when executing various functions and tasks associated with the evaluating feature effectiveness or assessing risk relating to an autonomous vehicle.

Although the autonomous vehicle data system 100 is shown to include one vehicle 108, one mobile device 110, one on-board computer 114, and one server 140, it should be understood that different numbers of vehicles 108, mobile devices 110, on-board computers 114, and/or servers 140 may be utilized. For example, the system 100 may include a plurality of servers 140 and hundreds or thousands of mobile devices 110 or on-board computers 114, all of which may be interconnected via the network 130. Furthermore, the database storage or processing performed by the one or more servers 140 may be distributed among a plurality of servers 140 in an arrangement known as “cloud computing.” This configuration may provide various advantages, such as enabling near real-time uploads and downloads of information as well as periodic uploads and downloads of information. This may in turn support a thin-client embodiment of the mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 discussed herein.

The server 140 may have a controller 155 that is operatively connected to the database 146 via a link 156. It should be noted that, while not shown, additional databases may be linked to the controller 155 in a known manner. For example, separate databases may be used for various types of information, such as autonomous operation feature information, vehicle accidents, road conditions, vehicle insurance policy information, or vehicle use information. Additional databases (not shown) may be communicatively connected to the server 140 via the network 130, such as databases maintained by third parties (e.g., weather, construction, or road network databases). The controller 155 may include a program memory 160, a processor 162 (which may be called a microcontroller or a microprocessor), a random-access memory (RAM) 164, and an input/output (I/O) circuit 166, all of which may be interconnected via an address/data bus 165. It should be appreciated that although only one microprocessor 162 is shown, the controller 155 may include multiple microprocessors 162. Similarly, the memory of the controller 155 may include multiple RAMs 164 and multiple program memories 160. Although the I/O circuit 166 is shown as a single block, it should be appreciated that the I/O circuit 166 may include a number of different types of I/O circuits. The RAM 164 and program memories 160 may be implemented as semiconductor memories, magnetically readable memories, or optically readable memories, for example. The controller 155 may also be operatively connected to the network 130 via a link 135.

The server 140 may further include a number of software applications stored in a program memory 160. The various software applications on the server 140 may include an autonomous operation information monitoring application 141 for receiving information regarding the vehicle 108 and its autonomous operation features (which may include control commands or decisions of the autonomous operation features), a feature evaluation application 142 for determining the effectiveness of autonomous operation features under various conditions and/or determining operating condition of autonomous operation features or components, a risk mapping application 143 for determining the risks associated with autonomous operation feature use along a plurality of road segments associated with an electronic map, a route determination application 144 for determining routes suitable for autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle operation, and an autonomous parking application 145 for assisting in parking and retrieving an autonomous vehicle. The various software applications may be executed on the same computer processor or on different computer processors.

FIG. 1B illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary autonomous vehicle monitoring system 180 on which the exemplary methods described herein may be implemented. In one aspect, system 180 may include a network 130, N number of vehicles 182.1-182.N and respective mobile computing devices 184.1-184.N, an external computing device 186, and/or a smart infrastructure component 188. In one aspect, mobile computing devices 184 may be an implementation of mobile computing device 110, while vehicles 182 may be an implementation of vehicle 108. The vehicles 182 may include a plurality of vehicles 108 having autonomous operation features, as well as a plurality of other vehicles not having autonomous operation features. As illustrated, the vehicle 182.1 may include a vehicle controller 181.1, which may be an on-board computer 114 as discussed elsewhere herein, while vehicle 182.2 may lack such a component. Each of vehicles 182.1 and 182.2 may be configured for wireless inter-vehicle communication, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless communication and/or data transmission via the communication component 122, directly via the mobile computing devices 184, or otherwise.

Although system 180 is shown in FIG. 1A as including one network 130, two mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2, two vehicles 182.1 and 182.2, one external computing device 186, and/or one smart infrastructure component 188, various embodiments of system 180 may include any suitable number of networks 130, mobile computing devices 184, vehicles 182, external computing devices 186, and/or infrastructure components 188. The vehicles 182 included in such embodiments may include any number of vehicles 182.i having vehicle controllers 181.n (such as vehicle 182.1 with vehicle controller 181.1) and vehicles 182.j not having vehicles controllers (such as vehicle 182.2). Moreover, system 180 may include a plurality of external computing devices 186 and more than two mobile computing devices 184, any suitable number of which being interconnected directly to one another and/or via network 130.

In one aspect, each of mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 may be configured to communicate with one another directly via peer-to-peer (P2P) wireless communication and/or data transfer over a radio link or wireless communication channel. In other aspects, each of mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 may be configured to communicate indirectly with one another and/or any suitable device via communications over network 130, such as external computing device 186 and/or smart infrastructure component 188, for example. In still other aspects, each of mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 may be configured to communicate directly and/or indirectly with other suitable devices, which may include synchronous or asynchronous communication.

Each of mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 may be configured to send data to and/or receive data from one another and/or via network 130 using one or more suitable communication protocols, which may be the same communication protocols or different communication protocols. For example, mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 may be configured to communicate with one another via a direct radio link 183 a, which may utilize, for example, a Wi-Fi direct protocol, an ad-hoc cellular communication protocol, etc. Mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 may also be configured to communicate with vehicles 182.1 and 182.2, respectively, utilizing a BLUETOOTH communication protocol (radio link not shown). In some embodiments, this may include communication between a mobile computing device 184.1 and a vehicle controller 181.1. In other embodiments, it may involve communication between a mobile computing device 184.2 and a vehicle telephony, entertainment, navigation, or information system (not shown) of the vehicle 182.2 that provides functionality other than autonomous (or semi-autonomous) vehicle control. Thus, vehicles 182.2 without autonomous operation features may nonetheless be connected to mobile computing devices 184.2 in order to facilitate communication, information presentation, or similar non-control operations (e.g., navigation display, hands-free telephony, or music selection and presentation).

To provide additional examples, mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 may be configured to communicate with one another via radio links 183 b and 183 c by each communicating with network 130 utilizing a cellular communication protocol. As an additional example, mobile computing devices 184.1 and/or 184.2 may be configured to communicate with external computing device 186 via radio links 183 b, 183 c, and/or 183 e. Still further, one or more of mobile computing devices 184.1 and/or 184.2 may also be configured to communicate with one or more smart infrastructure components 188 directly (e.g., via radio link 183 d) and/or indirectly (e.g., via radio links 183 c and 183 f via network 130) using any suitable communication protocols. Similarly, one or more vehicle controllers 181.1 may be configured to communicate directly to the network 130 (via radio link 183 b) or indirectly through mobile computing device 184.1 (via radio link 183 b). Vehicle controllers 181.1 may also communicate with other vehicle controllers and/or mobile computing devices 184.2 directly or indirectly through mobile computing device 184.1 via local radio links 183 a. As discussed elsewhere herein, network 130 may be implemented as a wireless telephony network (e.g., GSM, CDMA, LTE, etc.), a Wi-Fi network (e.g., via one or more IEEE 802.11 Standards), a WiMAX network, a Bluetooth network, etc. Thus, links 183 a-183 f may represent wired links, wireless links, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, the links 183 e and/or 183 f may include wired links to the network 130, in addition to, or instead of, wireless radio connections.

In some embodiments, the external computing device 186 may medicate communication between the mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 based upon location or other factors. In embodiments in which mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 communicate directly with one another in a peer-to-peer fashion, network 130 may be bypassed and thus communications between mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 and external computing device 186 may be unnecessary. For example, in some aspects, mobile computing device 184.1 may broadcast geographic location data and/or telematics data directly to mobile computing device 184.2. In this case, mobile computing device 184.2 may operate independently of network 130 to determine operating data, risks associated with operation, control actions to be taken, and/or alerts to be generated at mobile computing device 184.2 based upon the geographic location data, sensor data, and/or the autonomous operation feature data. In accordance with such aspects, network 130 and external computing device 186 may be omitted.

However, in other aspects, one or more of mobile computing devices 184.1 and/or 184.2 may work in conjunction with external computing device 186 to determine operating data, risks associated with operation, control actions to be taken, and/or alerts to be generated. For example, in some aspects, mobile computing device 184.1 may broadcast geographic location data and/or autonomous operation feature data, which is received by external computing device 186. In this case, external computing device 186 may be configured to determine whether the same or other information should be sent to mobile computing device 184.2 based upon the geographic location data, autonomous operation feature data, or data derived therefrom.

Mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 may be configured to execute one or more algorithms, programs, applications, etc., to determine a geographic location of each respective mobile computing device (and thus their associated vehicle) to generate, measure, monitor, and/or collect one or more sensor metrics as telematics data, to broadcast the geographic data and/or telematics data via their respective radio links, to receive the geographic data and/or telematics data via their respective radio links, to determine whether an alert should be generated based upon the telematics data and/or the geographic location data, to generate the one or more alerts, and/or to broadcast one or more alert notifications. Such functionality may, in some embodiments be controlled in whole or part by a Data Application operating on the mobile computing devices 184, as discussed elsewhere herein. Such Data Application may communicate between the mobile computing devices 184 and one or more external computing devices 186 (such as servers 140) to facilitate centralized data collection and/or processing.

In some embodiments, the Data Application may facilitate control of a vehicle 182 by a user, such as by selecting vehicle destinations and/or routes along which the vehicle 182 will travel. The Data Application may further be used to establish restrictions on vehicle use or store user preferences for vehicle use, such as in a user profile. The user profile may further include information regarding user skill or risk levels in operating a vehicle manually or using semi-autonomous operation features, which information may vary by location, time, type of operation, environmental conditions, etc. In further embodiments, the Data Application may monitor vehicle operation or sensor data in real-time to make recommendations or for other purposes as described herein. The Data Application may further facilitate monitoring and/or assessment of the vehicle 182, such as by evaluating operating data to determine the condition of the vehicle or components thereof (e.g., sensors, autonomous operation features, etc.).

External computing device 186 may be configured to execute various software applications, algorithms, and/or other suitable programs. External computing device 186 may be implemented as any suitable type of device to facilitate the functionality as described herein. For example, external computing device 186 may be a server 140 as discuses elsewhere herein. As another example, the external computing device 186 may be another computing device associated with an operator or owner of a vehicle 182, such as a desktop or notebook computer. Although illustrated as a single device in FIG. 1B, one or more portions of external computing device 186 may be implemented as one or more storage devices that are physically co-located with external computing device 186, or as one or more storage devices utilizing different storage locations as a shared database structure (e.g. cloud storage).

In some embodiments, external computing device 186 may be configured to perform any suitable portion of the processing functions remotely that have been outsourced by one or more of mobile computing devices 184.1 and/or 184.2 (and/or vehicle controllers 181.1). For example, mobile computing device 184.1 and/or 184.2 may collect data (e.g., geographic location data and/or telematics data) as described herein, but may send the data to external computing device 186 for remote processing instead of processing the data locally. In such embodiments, external computing device 186 may receive and process the data to determine whether an anomalous condition exists and, if so, whether to send an alert notification to one or more mobile computing devices 184.1 and 184.2 or take other actions.

In one aspect, external computing device 186 may additionally or alternatively be part of an insurer computing system (or facilitate communications with an insurer computer system), and as such may access insurer databases, execute algorithms, execute applications, access remote servers, communicate with remote processors, etc., as needed to perform insurance-related functions. Such insurance-related functions may include assisting insurance customers in evaluating autonomous operation features, limiting manual vehicle operation based upon risk levels, providing information regarding risk levels associated with autonomous and/or manual vehicle operation along routes, and/or determining repair/salvage information for damaged vehicles. For example, external computing device 186 may facilitate the receipt of autonomous operation or other data from one or more mobile computing devices 184.1-184.N, which may each be running a Data Application to obtain such data from autonomous operation features or sensors 120 associated therewith.

In aspects in which external computing device 186 facilitates communications with an insurer computing system (or is part of such a system), data received from one or more mobile computing devices 184.1-184.N may include user credentials, which may be verified by external computing device 186 or one or more other external computing devices, servers, etc. These user credentials may be associated with an insurance profile, which may include, for example, insurance policy numbers, a description and/or listing of insured assets, vehicle identification numbers of insured vehicles, addresses of insured structures, contact information, premium rates, discounts, etc. In this way, data received from one or more mobile computing devices 184.1-184.N may allow external computing device 186 to uniquely identify each insured customer and/or whether each identified insurance customer has installed the Data Application. In addition, external computing device 186 may facilitate the communication of the updated insurance policies, premiums, rates, discounts, etc., to insurance customers for their review, modification, and/or approval—such as via wireless communication or data transmission to one or more mobile computing devices 184.1-184.N over one or more radio frequency links or wireless communication channels.

In some aspects, external computing device 186 may facilitate indirect communications between one or more of mobile computing devices 184, vehicles 182, and/or smart infrastructure component 188 via network 130 or another suitable communication network, wireless communication channel, and/or wireless link. Smart infrastructure components 188 may be implemented as any suitable type of traffic infrastructure components configured to receive communications from and/or to send communications to other devices, such as mobile computing devices 184 and/or external computing device 186. Thus, smart infrastructure components 188 may include infrastructure components 126 having infrastructure communication devices 124. For example, smart infrastructure component 188 may be implemented as a traffic light, a railroad crossing signal, a construction notification sign, a roadside display configured to display messages, a billboard display, a parking garage monitoring device, etc.

In some embodiments, the smart infrastructure component 188 may include or be communicatively connected to one or more sensors (not shown) for detecting information relating to the condition of the smart infrastructure component 188, which sensors may be connected to or part of the infrastructure communication device 124 of the smart infrastructure component 188. The sensors (not shown) may generate data relating to weather conditions, traffic conditions, or operating status of the smart infrastructure component 188. The smart infrastructure component 188 may be configured to receive the sensor data generated and determine a condition of the smart infrastructure component 188, such as weather conditions, road integrity, construction, traffic, available parking spaces, etc.

In some aspects, smart infrastructure component 188 may be configured to communicate with one or more other devices directly and/or indirectly. For example, smart infrastructure component 188 may be configured to communicate directly with mobile computing device 184.2 via radio link 183 d and/or with mobile computing device 184.1 via links 183 b and 183 f utilizing network 130. As another example, smart infrastructure component 188 may communicate with external computing device 186 via links 183 e and 183 f utilizing network 130. To provide some illustrative examples of the operation of the smart infrastructure component 188, if smart infrastructure component 188 is implemented as a smart traffic light, smart infrastructure component 188 may change a traffic light from green to red (or vice-versa) or adjust a timing cycle to favor traffic in one direction over another based upon data received from the vehicles 182. If smart infrastructure component 188 is implemented as a traffic sign display, smart infrastructure component 188 may display a warning message that an anomalous condition (e.g., an accident) has been detected ahead and/or on a specific road corresponding to the geographic location data.

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary mobile device 110 or an exemplary on-board computer 114 consistent with the system 100 and the system 180. The mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 may include a display 202, a GPS unit 206, a communication unit 220, an accelerometer 224, one or more additional sensors (not shown), a user-input device (not shown), and/or, like the server 140, a controller 204. In some embodiments, the mobile device 110 and on-board computer 114 may be integrated into a single device, or either may perform the functions of both. The on-board computer 114 (or mobile device 110) interfaces with the sensors 120 to receive information regarding the vehicle 108 and its environment, which information is used by the autonomous operation features to operate the vehicle 108.

Similar to the controller 155, the controller 204 may include a program memory 208, one or more microcontrollers or microprocessors (MP) 210, a RAM 212, and an I/O circuit 216, all of which are interconnected via an address/data bus 214. The program memory 208 includes an operating system 226, a data storage 228, a plurality of software applications 230, and/or a plurality of software routines 240. The operating system 226, for example, may include one of a plurality of general purpose or mobile platforms, such as the Android™, iOS®, or Windows® systems, developed by Google Inc., Apple Inc., and Microsoft Corporation, respectively. Alternatively, the operating system 226 may be a custom operating system designed for autonomous vehicle operation using the on-board computer 114. The data storage 228 may include data such as user profiles and preferences, application data for the plurality of applications 230, routine data for the plurality of routines 240, and other data related to the autonomous operation features. In some embodiments, the controller 204 may also include, or otherwise be communicatively connected to, other data storage mechanisms (e.g., one or more hard disk drives, optical storage drives, solid state storage devices, etc.) that reside within the vehicle 108.

As discussed with reference to the controller 155, it should be appreciated that although FIG. 2 depicts only one microprocessor 210, the controller 204 may include multiple microprocessors 210. Similarly, the memory of the controller 204 may include multiple RAMs 212 and multiple program memories 208. Although FIG. 2 depicts the I/O circuit 216 as a single block, the I/O circuit 216 may include a number of different types of I/O circuits. The controller 204 may implement the RAMs 212 and the program memories 208 as semiconductor memories, magnetically readable memories, or optically readable memories, for example.

The one or more processors 210 may be adapted and configured to execute any of one or more of the plurality of software applications 230 or any one or more of the plurality of software routines 240 residing in the program memory 204, in addition to other software applications. One of the plurality of applications 230 may be an autonomous vehicle operation application 232 that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for performing the various tasks associated with implementing one or more of the autonomous operation features according to the autonomous vehicle operation method 300, described further below. Another of the plurality of applications 230 may be an autonomous communication application 234 that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for transmitting and receiving autonomous operation information to or from external sources via the communication module 220. Still another application of the plurality of applications 230 may include an autonomous operation monitoring application 236 that may be implemented as a series of machine-readable instructions for sending information regarding autonomous operation of the vehicle to the server 140 via the network 130. The Data Application for collecting, generating, processing, analyzing, transmitting, receiving, and/or acting upon autonomous operation feature data may also be stored as one of the plurality of applications 230 in the program memory 208 of the mobile computing device 110 or on-board computer 114, which may be executed by the one or more processors 210 thereof.

The plurality of software applications 230 may call various of the plurality of software routines 240 to perform functions relating to autonomous vehicle operation, monitoring, or communication. One of the plurality of software routines 240 may be a configuration routine 242 to receive settings from the vehicle operator to configure the operating parameters of an autonomous operation feature. Another of the plurality of software routines 240 may be a sensor control routine 244 to transmit instructions to a sensor 120 and receive data from the sensor 120. Still another of the plurality of software routines 240 may be an autonomous control routine 246 that performs a type of autonomous control, such as collision avoidance, lane centering, or speed control. In some embodiments, the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 may cause a plurality of autonomous control routines 246 to determine control actions required for autonomous vehicle operation.

Similarly, one of the plurality of software routines 240 may be a monitoring and reporting routine 248 that transmits information regarding autonomous vehicle operation to the server 140 via the network 130. Yet another of the plurality of software routines 240 may be an autonomous communication routine 250 for receiving and transmitting information between the vehicle 108 and external sources to improve the effectiveness of the autonomous operation features. Any of the plurality of software applications 230 may be designed to operate independently of the software applications 230 or in conjunction with the software applications 230.

When implementing the exemplary autonomous vehicle operation method 300, the controller 204 of the on-board computer 114 may implement the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 to communicate with the sensors 120 to receive information regarding the vehicle 108 and its environment and process that information for autonomous operation of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments including external source communication via the communication component 122 or the communication unit 220, the controller 204 may further implement the autonomous communication application 234 to receive information for external sources, such as other autonomous vehicles, smart infrastructure (e.g., electronically communicating roadways, traffic signals, or parking structures), or other sources of relevant information (e.g., weather, traffic, local amenities). Some external sources of information may be connected to the controller 204 via the network 130, such as the server 140 or internet-connected third-party databases (not shown). Although the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 and the autonomous communication application 234 are shown as two separate applications, it should be understood that the functions of the autonomous operation features may be combined or separated into any number of the software applications 230 or the software routines 240.

When implementing the autonomous operation feature monitoring method 400, the controller 204 may further implement the autonomous operation monitoring application 236 to communicate with the server 140 to provide information regarding autonomous vehicle operation. This may include information regarding settings or configurations of autonomous operation features, data from the sensors 120 regarding the vehicle environment, data from the sensors 120 regarding the response of the vehicle 108 to its environment, communications sent or received using the communication component 122 or the communication unit 220, operating status of the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 and the autonomous communication application 234, and/or control commands sent from the on-board computer 114 to the control components (not shown) to operate the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, control commands generated by the on-board computer 114 but not implemented may also be recorded and/or transmitted for analysis of how the autonomous operation features would have responded to conditions if the features had been controlling the relevant aspect or aspects of vehicle operation. The information may be received and stored by the server 140 implementing the autonomous operation information monitoring application 141, and the server 140 may then determine the effectiveness of autonomous operation under various conditions by implementing the feature evaluation application 142, which may include an assessment of autonomous operation features compatibility. The effectiveness of autonomous operation features and the extent of their use may be further used to determine one or more risk levels associated with operation of the autonomous vehicle by the server 140.

In addition to connections to the sensors 120 that are external to the mobile device 110 or the on-board computer 114, the mobile device 110 or the on-board computer 114 may include additional sensors 120, such as the GPS unit 206 or the accelerometer 224, which may provide information regarding the vehicle 108 for autonomous operation and other purposes. Such sensors 120 may further include one or more sensors of a sensor array 225, which may include, for example, one or more cameras, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, barometers, thermometers, proximity sensors, light sensors, Hall Effect sensors, etc. The one or more sensors of the sensor array 225 may be positioned to determine telematics data regarding the speed, force, heading, and/or direction associated with movements of the vehicle 108. Furthermore, the communication unit 220 may communicate with other autonomous vehicles, infrastructure, or other external sources of information to transmit and receive information relating to autonomous vehicle operation. The communication unit 220 may communicate with the external sources via the network 130 or via any suitable wireless communication protocol network, such as wireless telephony (e.g., GSM, CDMA, LTE, etc.), Wi-Fi (802.11 standards), WiMAX, Bluetooth, infrared or radio frequency communication, etc. Furthermore, the communication unit 220 may provide input signals to the controller 204 via the I/O circuit 216. The communication unit 220 may also transmit sensor data, device status information, control signals, or other output from the controller 204 to one or more external sensors within the vehicle 108, mobile devices 110, on-board computers 114, or servers 140.

The mobile device 110 or the on-board computer 114 may include a user-input device (not shown) for receiving instructions or information from the vehicle operator, such as settings relating to an autonomous operation feature. The user-input device (not shown) may include a “soft” keyboard that is displayed on the display 202, an external hardware keyboard communicating via a wired or a wireless connection (e.g., a Bluetooth keyboard), an external mouse, a microphone, or any other suitable user-input device. The user-input device (not shown) may also include a microphone capable of receiving user voice input.

Data Application

The mobile device 110 and/or on-board computer 114 may run a Data Application to collect, transmit, receive, and/or process autonomous operation feature data. Such autonomous operation feature data may include data directly generated by autonomous operation features, such as control commands used in operating the vehicle 108. Similarly, such autonomous operation feature data may include shadow control commands generated by the autonomous operation features but not actually used in operating the vehicle, such as may be generated when the autonomous operation features are disabled. The autonomous operation feature data may further include non-control data generated by the autonomous operation features, such as determinations regarding environmental conditions in the vehicle operating environment in which the vehicle 108 operates (e.g., traffic conditions, construction locations, pothole locations, worn lane markings, corners with obstructed views, etc.). The environmental data may include data or information associated with (i) road construction; (ii) flooded roads; (iii) pot holes; (iv) debris in the road; (v) road marking visibility; (vi) presence of bicycle lanes; (vii) inoperable traffic lights; (viii) degree of road lighting from street lights; (ix) number of pedestrians nearby; (x) presence of school bus stops; (xi) presence of school zones; (xii) traffic directed by emergency personnel; (xiii) traffic accidents; (xiv) detours, and/or (xv) other anomalies. The autonomous operation feature data may yet further include sensor data generated by (or derived from sensor data generated by) sensors 120 utilized by the autonomous operation features. For example, data from LIDAR and ultrasonic sensors may be used by vehicles for autonomous operation. Such data captures a much more detailed and complete representation of the conditions in which the vehicle 108 operates than traditional vehicle operation metrics (e.g., miles driven) or non-autonomous telematics data (e.g., acceleration, position, and time).

Autonomous operation feature data may be processed and used by the Data Application to determine information regarding the vehicle 108, its operation, or its operating environment. The autonomous operation feature data may further be communicated by the Data Application to a server 140 via network 130 for processing and/or storage. In some embodiments, the autonomous operation feature data (or information derived therefrom) may be transmitted directly via radio links 183 or indirectly via network 130 from the vehicle 108 to other vehicles (or to mobile devices 110). By communicating information associated with the autonomous operation feature data to other nearby vehicles, the other vehicles or their operators may make use of such data for routing, control, or other purposes. This may be particularly valuable in providing detailed information regarding a vehicle environment (e.g., traffic, accidents, flooding, ice, etc.) collected by a Data Application of an autonomous vehicle 108 to a driver of a non-autonomous vehicle via a Data Application of a mobile device 110 associated with the driver. For example, ice patches may be identified by an autonomous operation feature of a vehicle controller 181.1 of vehicle 182.1 and transmitted via the Data Application operating in the mobile computing device 184.1 over the network 130 to the mobile computing device 184.2, where a warning regarding the ice patches may be presented to the driver of vehicle 182.2. As another example, locations of emergency vehicles or accidents may be determined and communicated between vehicles 182, such as between an autonomous vehicle 182.1 and a traditional (non-autonomous) vehicle 182.2.

In further embodiments, a Data Application may serve as an interface between the user and an autonomous vehicle 108, via the user's mobile device 110 and/or the vehicle's on-board computer 114. The user may interact with the Data Application to locate, retrieve, park, control, or monitor the vehicle 108. For example, the Data Application may be used to select a destination and route the vehicle 108 to the destination, which may include controlling the vehicle to travel to the destination in a fully autonomous mode. In some embodiments, the Data Application may further determine and/or provide information regarding the vehicle 108, such as the operating status or condition of autonomous operation features, sensors, or other vehicle components (e.g., tire pressure). In yet further embodiments, the Data Application may be configured to assess risk levels associated with vehicle operation based upon location, autonomous operation feature use (including settings), operating conditions, or other factors. Such risk assessment may be further used in recommending autonomous feature use levels, generating warnings to a vehicle operator, or adjusting an insurance policy associated with the vehicle 108.

Data Applications may be installed and running on a plurality of mobile devices 110 and/or on-board computers 114 in order to facilitate data sharing and other functions as described herein. Additionally, such Data Applications may provide data to, and receive data from, one or more servers 140. For example, a Data Application running on a user's mobile device 110 may communicate location data to a server 140 via the network 130. The server 140 may then process the data to determine a route, risk level, recommendation, or other action. The server 140 may then communicate the determined information to the mobile device 110 and/or on-board computer 114, which may cause the vehicle 108 to operate in accordance with the determined information (e.g., travel along a determined optimal route). Thus, the Data Application may facilitate data communication between the front-end components 102 and the back-end components 104, allowing more efficient processing and data storage.

Data Acquisition

In one aspect, the present embodiments may relate to data acquisition. Data may be gathered via devices employing wireless communication technology, such as Bluetooth or other IEEE communication standards. In one embodiment, a Bluetooth enabled smartphone or mobile device, and/or an in-dash smart and/or communications device may collect data. The data associated with the vehicle, and/or vehicle or driver performance, that is gathered or collected at, or on, the vehicle may be wirelessly transmitted to a remote processor or server, such as a remote processor or server associated with an insurance provider. The mobile device 110 may receive the data from the on-board computer 114 or the sensors 120, and may transmit the received data to the server 140 via the network 130, and the data may be stored in the database 146. In some embodiments, the transmitted data may include real-time sensor data, a summary of the sensor data, processed sensor data, operating data, environmental data, communication data, or a log such data.

Data may be generated by autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles and/or vehicle mounted sensors (or smart sensors), and then collected by vehicle mounted equipment or processors, including Bluetooth devices, and/or an insurance provider remote processor or server. The data gathered may be used to analyze vehicle decision making. A processor may be configured to generate data on what an autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle would have done in a given situation had the driver not taken over manual control/driving of the vehicle or alternative control actions not taken by the autonomous or semi-autonomous operation features. This type of unimplemented control decision data (related to vehicle decision making) may be useful with respect to analyzing hypothetical situations.

In one embodiment, an application (i.e., the Data Application), or other computer or processor instructions, may interact with a vehicle to receive and/or retrieve data from autonomous or semi-autonomous processors and sensors 120. The data retrieved may be related to radar, cameras, sensor output, computer instructions, or application output. Other data related to a smart vehicle controller, car navigation unit information (including route history information and typical routes taken), GPS unit information, odometer and/or speedometer information, and smart equipment data may also be gathered or collected. The application and/or other computer instructions may be associated with an insurance provider remote processor or server.

The control decision data may further include information regarding control decisions generated by one or more autonomous operation features within the vehicle. The operating data and control decision data gathered, collected, and/or acquired may facilitate remote evaluation and/or analysis of what the autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle was “trying to do” (brake, slow, turn, accelerate, etc.) during operation, as well as what the vehicle actually did do. The data may reveal decisions, and the appropriateness thereof, made by the artificial intelligence or computer instructions associated with one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle technologies, functionalities, systems, and/or pieces of equipment. The data may include information related to what the vehicle would have done in a situation if the driver had not taken over (beginning manual vehicle control) or if the autonomous operation features had been enabled or enabled with different settings. Such data may include both the control actions taken by the vehicle and control actions the autonomous or semi-autonomous operation features would have caused the vehicle to take. Thus, in some embodiments, the control decisions data may include information regarding unimplemented control decisions not implemented by the autonomous operation features to control the vehicle. This may occur when an autonomous operation feature generates a control decision or associated control signal, but the control decision or signal is prevented from controlling the vehicle because the autonomous feature or function is disabled, the control decision is overridden by the vehicle operator, the control signal would conflict with another control signal generated by another autonomous operation feature, a more preferred control decision is generated, or an error occurs in the on-board computer 114 or the control system of the vehicle.

For example, a vehicle operator may disable or constrain the operation of some or all autonomous operation features, such as where the vehicle is operated manually or semi-autonomously. The disabled or constrained autonomous operation features may, however, continue to receive sensor data and generate control decision data that is not implemented. Similarly, one or more autonomous operation features may generate more than one control decision in a relevant period of time as alternative control decisions. Some of these alternative control decisions may not be selected by the autonomous operation feature or an autonomous operation control system to control the vehicle. For example, such alternative control decisions may be generated based on different sets of sensor or communication data from different sensors 120 or include or excluding autonomous communication data. As another example, the alternative control decisions may be generated faster than they can be implemented by the control system of the vehicle, thus preventing all control decisions from being implemented.

In addition to control decision data, other information regarding the vehicle, the vehicle environment, or vehicle operation may be collected, generated, transmitted, received, requested, stored, or recorded in connection with the control decision data. As discussed elsewhere herein, additional operating data including sensor data from the sensors 120, autonomous communication data from the communication component 122 or the communication module 220, location data, environmental data, time data, settings data, configuration data, and/or other relevant data may be associated with the control decision data. In some embodiments, a database or log may store the control decision data and associated information. In further embodiments, the entries in such log or database may include a timestamp indicating the date, time, location, vehicle environment, vehicle condition, autonomous operation feature settings, and/or autonomous operation feature configuration information associated with each entry. Such data may facilitate evaluating the autonomous or semi-autonomous technology, functionality, system, and/or equipment in hypothetical situations and/or may be used to calculate risk, and in turn adjust insurance policies, premiums, discounts, etc.

The data gathered may be used to evaluate risk associated with the autonomous or semi-autonomous operation feature or technology at issue. As discussed elsewhere herein, information regarding the operation of the vehicle may be monitored or associated with test data or actual loss data regarding losses associated with insurance policies for other vehicles having the autonomous technology or feature to determine risk levels and/or risk profiles. Specifically, the control decision data, sensor data, and other operating data discussed above may be used to determine risk levels, loss models, and/or risk profiles associated with one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous operation features. External data may further be used to determine risk, as discussed below. Such determined risk levels may further be used to determine insurance rates, premiums, discounts, or costs as discussed in greater detail below.

In one embodiment, the data gathered may be used to determine an average distance to another vehicle ahead of, and/or behind, the vehicle during normal use of the autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle technology, functionality, system, and/or equipment. A safe driving distance to other vehicles on the road may lower the risk of accident. The data gathered may also relate to how quickly the technology, functionality, system, and/or equipment may properly stop or slow a vehicle in response to a light changing from green to yellow, and/or from yellow to red. Timely stopping at traffic lights may also positively impact risk of collision. The data gathered may indicate issues not entirely related to the autonomous or semi-autonomous technology, functionality, system, and/or equipment. For instance, tires spinning and low vehicle speed may be monitored and identified to determine that vehicle movement was being affected by the weather (as compared to the technology, functionality, system, and/or equipment during normal operation). Vehicle tires may spin with little or no vehicle movement in snow, rain, mud, ice, etc.

The data gathered may indicate a current version of artificial intelligence or computer instructions that the autonomous or semi-autonomous system or equipment is utilizing. A collision risk factor may be assigned to each version of computer instructions. The insurance provider may then adjust or update insurance policies, premiums, rates, discounts, and/or other insurance-related items based upon the collision risk factor and/or the artificial intelligence or computer instruction versions presently employed by the vehicle (and/or upgrades there to).

The decision and operating data gathered may be merged with outside data, such as information related to weather, traffic, construction, and/or other factors, and/or collected from sources besides the vehicle. In some embodiments, such data from outside the vehicle may be combined with the control decision data and other operating data discussed above to determine risks associated with the operation of one or more autonomous or semi-autonomous operation features. External data regarding the vehicle environment may be requested or received via the network 130 and associated with the entries in the log or database based on the timestamp. For example, the location, date, and time of a timestamp may be used to determine weather and traffic conditions in which vehicle operation occurred. Additional external data may include road conditions, weather conditions, nearby traffic conditions, type of road, construction conditions, presence of pedestrians, presence of other obstacles, and/or availability of autonomous communications from external sources. For instance, weather may impact certain autonomous or semi-autonomous technology, functionality, system, and/or equipment performance, such as fog, visibility, wind, rain, snow, and/or ice. Certain autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality may have degraded performance: (1) on ice covered roads; (2) during snow or rain, and/or on snow or rain covered roads; (3) during poor visibility conditions, such as foggy weather; (4) in “stop and go” traffic, such as during rush hour traffic, or slow moving traffic through high construction areas or downtown areas; and/or (5) caused by other factors.

The system and method may consider the geographical area associated with the user, or the owner or operator of a vehicle. For instance, rain mitigation functionality or technology for vehicles may be pertinent to reducing the amount of accidents and/or the severity of such accidents in areas of high rain fall, such as the Pacific Northwest or Florida. On the other hand, such functionality may have less of a beneficial impact on accidents or potential accidents in desert locations, such as Nevada or New Mexico. Construction-related data may also be collected and analyzed. Construction-related accident avoidance and/or mitigation technology, functionality, systems, or associated equipment may be more pertinent in large urban areas involving significant and lengthy construction or road connector projects that may include frequently changing travel patterns with little notice to drivers.

The data gathered may relate to autonomous vehicle telematics variables. Usage of other technologies and functionalities (including the technologies and functionalities discussed elsewhere herein) may be monitored, and recommended usages thereof (and associated insurance savings) may be provided to the insured or driver for their review and/or approval. Other manners of saving money on existing auto insurance coverage may be provided to the driver via wireless communication. For instance, a percentage of time that the vehicle is in a (1) “manual” mode or operation; (2) semi-automated, semi-automatic, or “semi-autonomous” mode or operation; and/or (3) fully automated, fully automatic, or fully “autonomous” mode or operation may be determined from vehicle sensor data that is remotely collected, such as at or by an insurance provider remote processor or server.

Also, the data gathered may be used to provide feedback to the customer or insured. For instance, if the vehicle is presently traveling on the highway, a recommendation or offer may be presented to the driver, such as via wireless communication with the vehicle that indicates that if the driver places the vehicle into autonomous or semi-autonomous driving mode, the risk of collision may be reduced and/or the driver may be receive a discount, and/or lower premium on his or her auto insurance. Other manners of potential risk reductions may also be communicated to the driver or owner of the vehicle. For instance, recommendations and/or adjustments to insurance policies, premiums, rates, discounts, rewards, and/or other insurance-related items may be based upon driver characteristics or age, such as beginning or teenage drivers.

The data gathered may originate from various smart parts and/or pieces of smart equipment mounted on a vehicle, including parts configured for wired or wireless communication. For instance, a vehicle may be equipped with smart brakes; smart tail, head, or turn lights; smart tires; etc. Each piece of smart equipment may have a wired or wireless transmitter. Each piece of smart equipment may be configured to monitor its operation, and/or indicate or communicate a warning to the driver when it is not operating properly. Such smart equipment may be included within the sensors 120.

As an example, when a rear brake light is out, such as from faulty repair or from normal burn out, that fact may be detected by smart vehicle functionality and the driver may be promptly notified. As a result, the driver may be able to repair the faulty brake light before an accident caused by the faulty brake light occurs. In another embodiment, the data gathered may also indicate window wipers are not operating properly, and need to be replaced. The insurance provider may adjust or update insurance policies, premiums, rates, discounts, and/or other insurance-related items based upon the smart equipment warning functionality that may alert drivers of vehicle equipment or vehicle safety equipment (lights, brakes, etc.) that need to be replaced or repaired, and thus may reduce collision risk. In addition to addressing liability for collision risk, the technology may also reduce risk of theft. For instance, stolen vehicles may be tracked via on-board GPS units and wireless transmitters. Also, the breaking and entering, and/or hot wiring, of vehicles may be more difficult through the use of anti-hacking measures for smart vehicles or vehicles with electrical or electronic control systems. The insurance provider may adjust insurance premiums, rates, and/or other insurance-related items based upon the reduced risk of theft.

Various methods may be employed to collect the data. For instance, data collection may be triggered by location and time so that local or remote processors are not collecting and transmitting the same information over and over again. For example, when autonomous vehicles detect a construction zone, that detection may act as a triggering event, and after which, data may be collected and transmitted regarding the presence of construction only once a day. Information may be collected and transmitted via a Data Application or a connected vehicle itself.

Exemplary Autonomous Vehicle Operation Method

FIG. 3 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary autonomous vehicle operation method 300, which may be implemented by the autonomous vehicle data system 100. The method 300 may begin when the controller 204 receives a start signal (block 302). The start signal may be a command from the vehicle operator through the user-input device to enable or engage one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, the vehicle operator 108 may further specify settings or configuration details for the autonomous operation features. For fully autonomous vehicles, the settings may relate to one or more destinations, route preferences, fuel efficiency preferences, speed preferences, or other configurable settings relating to the operation of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, fully autonomous vehicles may include additional features or settings permitting them to operate without passengers or vehicle operators within the vehicle. For example, a fully autonomous vehicle may receive an instruction to find a parking space within the general vicinity, which the vehicle may do without the vehicle operator. The vehicle may then be returned to a selected location by a request from the vehicle operator via a mobile device 110 or otherwise. This feature may further be adapted to return a fully autonomous vehicle if lost or stolen.

For other autonomous vehicles, the settings may include enabling or disabling particular autonomous operation features, specifying thresholds for autonomous operation, specifying warnings or other information to be presented to the vehicle operator, specifying autonomous communication types to send or receive, specifying conditions under which to enable or disable autonomous operation features, or specifying other constraints on feature operation. For example, a vehicle operator may set the maximum speed for an adaptive cruise control feature with automatic lane centering. In some embodiments, the settings may further include a specification of whether the vehicle 108 should be operating as a fully or partially autonomous vehicle.

In embodiments where only one autonomous operation feature is enabled, the start signal may consist of a request to perform a particular task (e.g., autonomous parking) or to enable a particular feature (e.g., autonomous braking for collision avoidance). In other embodiments, the start signal may be generated automatically by the controller 204 based upon predetermined settings (e.g., when the vehicle 108 exceeds a certain speed or is operating in low-light conditions). In some embodiments, the controller 204 may generate a start signal when communication from an external source is received (e.g., when the vehicle 108 is on a smart highway or near another autonomous vehicle). In some embodiments, the start signal may be generated by or received by the Data Application running on a mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 within the vehicle 108. The Data Application may further set or record settings for one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle 108.

After receiving the start signal at block 302, the controller 204 receives sensor data from the sensors 120 during vehicle operation (block 304). In some embodiments, the controller 204 may also receive information from external sources through the communication component 122 or the communication unit 220. The sensor data may be stored in the RAM 212 for use by the autonomous vehicle operation application 232. In some embodiments, the sensor data may be recorded in the data storage 228 or transmitted to the server 140 via the network 130. The Data Application may receive the sensor data, or a portion thereof, and store or transmit the received sensor data. In some embodiments, the Data Application may process or determine summary information from the sensor data before storing or transmitting the summary information. The sensor data may alternately either be received by the controller 204 as raw data measurements from one of the sensors 120 or may be preprocessed by the sensor 120 prior to being received by the controller 204. For example, a tachometer reading may be received as raw data or may be preprocessed to indicate vehicle movement or position. As another example, a sensor 120 comprising a radar or LIDAR unit may include a processor to preprocess the measured signals and send data representing detected objects in 3-dimensional space to the controller 204.

The autonomous vehicle operation application 232 or other applications 230 or routines 240 may cause the controller 204 to process the received sensor data in accordance with the autonomous operation features (block 306). The controller 204 may process the sensor data to determine whether an autonomous control action is required or to determine adjustments to the controls of the vehicle 108 (i.e., control commands). For example, the controller 204 may receive sensor data indicating a decreasing distance to a nearby object in the vehicle's path and process the received sensor data to determine whether to begin braking (and, if so, how abruptly to slow the vehicle 108). As another example, the controller 204 may process the sensor data to determine whether the vehicle 108 is remaining with its intended path (e.g., within lanes on a roadway). If the vehicle 108 is beginning to drift or slide (e.g., as on ice or water), the controller 204 may determine appropriate adjustments to the controls of the vehicle to maintain the desired bearing. If the vehicle 108 is moving within the desired path, the controller 204 may nonetheless determine whether adjustments are required to continue following the desired route (e.g., following a winding road). Under some conditions, the controller 204 may determine to maintain the controls based upon the sensor data (e.g., when holding a steady speed on a straight road).

In some embodiments, the Data Application may record information related to the processed sensor data, including whether the autonomous operation features have determined one or more control actions to control the vehicle and/or details regarding such control actions. The Data Application may record such information even when no control actions are determined to be necessary or where such control actions are not implemented. Such information may include information regarding the vehicle operating environment determined from the processed sensor data (e.g., construction, other vehicles, pedestrians, anomalous environmental conditions, etc.). The information collected by the Data Application may further include an indication of whether and/or how the control actions are implemented using control components of the vehicle 108.

When the controller 204 determines an autonomous control action is required (block 308), the controller 204 may cause the control components of the vehicle 108 to adjust the operating controls of the vehicle to achieve desired operation (block 310). For example, the controller 204 may send a signal to open or close the throttle of the vehicle 108 to achieve a desired speed. Alternatively, the controller 204 may control the steering of the vehicle 108 to adjust the direction of movement. In some embodiments, the vehicle 108 may transmit a message or indication of a change in velocity or position using the communication component 122 or the communication module 220, which signal may be used by other autonomous vehicles to adjust their controls. As discussed elsewhere herein, the controller 204 may also log or transmit the autonomous control actions to the server 140 via the network 130 for analysis. In some embodiments, an application (which may be a Data Application) executed by the controller 204 may communicate data to the server 140 via the network 130 or may communicate such data to the mobile device 110 for further processing, storage, transmission to nearby vehicles or infrastructure, and/or communication to the server 140 via network 130.

The controller 204 may continue to receive and process sensor data at blocks 304 and 306 until an end signal is received by the controller 204 (block 312). The end signal may be automatically generated by the controller 204 upon the occurrence of certain criteria (e.g., the destination is reached or environmental conditions require manual operation of the vehicle 108 by the vehicle operator). Alternatively, the vehicle operator may pause, terminate, or disable the autonomous operation feature or features using the user-input device or by manually operating the vehicle's controls, such as by depressing a pedal or turning a steering instrument. When the autonomous operation features are disabled or terminated, the controller 204 may either continue vehicle operation without the autonomous features or may shut off the vehicle 108, depending upon the circumstances.

Where control of the vehicle 108 must be returned to the vehicle operator, the controller 204 may alert the vehicle operator in advance of returning to manual operation. The alert may include a visual, audio, or other indication to obtain the attention of the vehicle operator. In some embodiments, the controller 204 may further determine whether the vehicle operator is capable of resuming manual operation before terminating autonomous operation. If the vehicle operator is determined not to be capable of resuming operation, the controller 204 may cause the vehicle to stop or take other appropriate action.

To control the vehicle 108, the autonomous operation features may generate and implement control decisions relating to the control of the motive, steering, and stopping components of the vehicle 108. The control decisions may include or be related to control commands issued by the autonomous operation features to control such control components of the vehicle 108 during operation. In some embodiments, control decisions may include decisions determined by the autonomous operation features regarding control commands such feature would have issued under the conditions then occurring, but which control commands were not issued or implemented. For example, an autonomous operation feature may generate and record shadow control decisions it would have implemented if engaged to operate the vehicle 108 even when the feature is disengaged (or engaged using other settings from those that would produce the shadow control decisions).

Data regarding the control decisions actually implemented and/or the shadow control decisions not implemented to control the vehicle 108 may be recorded for use in assessing autonomous operation feature effectiveness, accident reconstruction and fault determination, feature use or settings recommendations, risk determination and insurance policy adjustments, or other purposes as described elsewhere herein. For example, actual control decisions may be compared against control decisions that would have been made by other systems, software versions, or with additional sensor data or communication data.

As used herein, the terms “preferred” or “preferably made” control decisions mean control decisions that optimize some metric associated with risk under relevant conditions. Such metric may include, among other things, a statistical correlation with one or more risks (e.g., risks related to a vehicle collision) or an expected value associated with risks (e.g., a risk-weighted expected loss associated with potential vehicle accidents). The preferably made, or preferred or recommended, control decisions discussed herein may include control decisions or control decision outcomes that are less risky, have lower risk or the lowest risk of all the possible or potential control decisions given various operating conditions, and/or are otherwise ideal, recommended, or preferred based upon various operating conditions, including autonomous system or feature capability; current road, environmental or weather, traffic, or construction conditions through which the vehicle is traveling; and/or current versions of autonomous system software or components that the autonomous vehicle is equipped with and using.

The preferred or recommended control decisions may result in the lowest level of potential or actual risk of all the potential or possible control decisions given a set of various operating conditions and/or system features or capabilities. Alternatively, the preferred or recommended control decisions may result in a lower level of potential or actual risk (for a given set of operating conditions) to the autonomous vehicle and passengers, and other people or vehicles, than some of the other potential or possible control decisions that could have been made by the autonomous system or feature.

Exemplary Monitoring Method

FIG. 4A is a flow diagram depicting an exemplary autonomous vehicle operation monitoring method 400, which may be implemented by the autonomous vehicle data system 100. The method 400 monitors the operation of the vehicle 108 and transmits information regarding the vehicle 108 to the server 140, which information may then be used to determine autonomous operation feature usage or effectiveness. The method 400 may be used for monitoring the state of the vehicle 108, for providing data to other vehicles 182, for responding to emergencies or unusual situations during vehicle use, for testing autonomous operation features in a controlled environment, for determining actual feature use during vehicle operation outside a test environment, for assessment of feature operation, and/or for other purposes described herein. In alternative embodiments, the method 400 may be implemented whenever the vehicle 108 is in operation (manual or autonomous) or only when the autonomous operation features are enabled. The method 400 may likewise be implemented as either a real-time process, in which information regarding the vehicle 108 is communicated to the server 140 while monitoring is ongoing, or as a periodic process, in which the information is stored within the vehicle 108 and communicated to the server 140 at intervals (e.g., upon completion of a trip or when an incident occurs). In some embodiments, the method 400 may communicate with the server 140 in real-time when certain conditions exist (e.g., when a sufficient data connection through the network 130 exists or when no roaming charges would be incurred). In further embodiments, a Data Application executed by the mobile device 110 and/or on-board computer 114 may perform such monitoring, recording, and/or communication functions, including any of the functions described below with respect to blocks 402-434.

The method 400 may begin when the controller 204 receives an indication of vehicle operation (block 402). The indication may be generated when the vehicle 108 is started or when an autonomous operation feature is enabled by the controller 204 or by input from the vehicle operator, as discussed above. In response to receiving the indication, the controller 204 may create a timestamp (block 404). The timestamp may include information regarding the date, time, location, vehicle environment, vehicle condition, and autonomous operation feature settings or configuration information. The date and time may be used to identify one vehicle trip or one period of autonomous operation feature use, in addition to indicating risk levels due to traffic or other factors. The additional location and environmental data may include information regarding the position of the vehicle 108 from the GPS unit 206 and its surrounding environment (e.g., road conditions, weather conditions, nearby traffic conditions, type of road, construction conditions, presence of pedestrians, presence of other obstacles, availability of autonomous communications from external sources, etc.). Vehicle condition information may include information regarding the type, make, and model of the vehicle 108, the age or mileage of the vehicle 108, the status of vehicle equipment (e.g., tire pressure, non-functioning lights, fluid levels, etc.), or other information relating to the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, vehicle condition information may further include information regarding the sensors 120, such as type, configuration, or operational status (which may be determined, for example, from analysis of actual or test data from the sensors). In some embodiments, the timestamp may be recorded on the client device 114, the mobile device 110, or the server 140.

The autonomous operation feature settings may correspond to information regarding the autonomous operation features, such as those described above with reference to the autonomous vehicle operation method 300. The autonomous operation feature configuration information may correspond to information regarding the number and type of the sensors 120 (which may include indications of manufacturers and models of the sensors 120), the disposition of the sensors 120 within the vehicle 108 (which may include disposition of sensors 120 within one or more mobile devices 110), the one or more autonomous operation features (e.g., the autonomous vehicle operation application 232 or the software routines 240), autonomous operation feature control software, versions of the software applications 230 or routines 240 implementing the autonomous operation features, or other related information regarding the autonomous operation features.

For example, the configuration information may include the make and model of the vehicle 108 (indicating installed sensors 120 and the type of on-board computer 114), an indication of a malfunctioning or obscured sensor 120 in part of the vehicle 108, information regarding additional after-market sensors 120 installed within the vehicle 108, a software program type and version for a control program installed as an application 230 on the on-board computer 114, and software program types and versions for each of a plurality of autonomous operation features installed as applications 230 or routines 240 in the program memory 208 of the on-board computer 114.

During operation, the sensors 120 may generate sensor data regarding the vehicle 108 and its environment, which may include other vehicles 182 within the operating environment of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, one or more of the sensors 120 may preprocess the measurements and communicate the resulting processed data to the on-board computer 114 and/or the mobile device 110. The controller 204 may receive sensor data from the sensors 120 (block 406). The sensor data may include information regarding the vehicle's position, speed, acceleration, direction, and responsiveness to controls. The sensor data may further include information regarding the location and movement of obstacles or obstructions (e.g., other vehicles, buildings, barriers, pedestrians, animals, trees, or gates), weather conditions (e.g., precipitation, wind, visibility, or temperature), road conditions (e.g., lane markings, potholes, road material, traction, or slope), signs or signals (e.g., traffic signals, construction signs, building signs or numbers, or control gates), or other information relating to the vehicle's environment. In some embodiments, sensors 120 may indicate the number of passengers within the vehicle 108, including an indication of whether the vehicle is entirely empty.

In addition to receiving sensor data from the sensors 120, in some embodiments the controller 204 may receive autonomous communication data from the communication component 122 or the communication module 220 (block 408). The communication data may include information from other autonomous vehicles (e.g., sudden changes to vehicle speed or direction, intended vehicle paths, hard braking, vehicle failures, collisions, or maneuvering or stopping capabilities), infrastructure (road or lane boundaries, bridges, traffic signals, control gates, or emergency stopping areas), or other external sources (e.g., map databases, weather databases, or traffic and accident databases). In some embodiments, the communication data may include data from non-autonomous vehicles, which may include data regarding vehicle operation or anomalies within the operating environment determined by a Data Application operating on a mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114. The communication data may be combined with the received sensor data received to obtain a more robust understanding of the vehicle environment. For example, the server 140 or the controller 204 may combine sensor data indicating frequent changes in speed relative to tachometric data with map data relating to a road upon which the vehicle 108 is traveling to determine that the vehicle 108 is in an area of hilly terrain. As another example, weather data indicating recent snowfall in the vicinity of the vehicle 108 may be combined with sensor data indicating frequent slipping or low traction to determine that the vehicle 108 is traveling on a snow-covered or icy road.

The controller 204 may process the sensor data, the communication data, and the settings or configuration information to determine whether an incident has occurred (block 410). As used herein, an “incident” is an occurrence during operation of an autonomous vehicle outside of normal safe operating conditions, such that one or more of the following occurs: (i) there is an interruption of ordinary vehicle operation, (ii) there is damage to the vehicle or other property, (iii) there is injury to a person, (iv) the conditions require action to be taken by a vehicle operator, autonomous operation feature, pedestrian, or other party to avoid damage or injury, and/or (v) an anomalous condition is detected that requires an adjustment to or outside of ordinary vehicle operation. Incidents may include collisions, hard braking, hard acceleration, evasive maneuvering, loss of traction, detection of objects within a threshold distance from the vehicle 108, alerts presented to the vehicle operator, component failure, inconsistent readings from sensors 120, or attempted unauthorized access to the on-board computer by external sources. Incidents may also include accidents, vehicle breakdowns, flat tires, empty fuel tanks, or medical emergencies. Incidents may further include identification of construction requiring the vehicle to detour or stop, hazardous conditions (e.g., fog or road ice), or other anomalous environmental conditions.

In some embodiments, the controller 204 may anticipate or project an expected incident based upon sensor or external data, allowing the controller 204 to send control signals to minimize the negative effects of the incident. For example, the controller 204 may cause the vehicle 108 to slow and move to the shoulder of a road immediately before running out of fuel. As another example, adjustable seats within the vehicle 108 may be adjusted to better position vehicle occupants in anticipation of a collision, windows may be opened or closed, or airbags may be deployed.

When an incident is determined to have occurred (block 412), information regarding the incident and the vehicle status may be recorded (block 414), either in the data storage 228 or the database 146. The information recorded may include sensor data, communication data, and settings or configuration information prior to, during, and immediately following the incident. In some embodiments, a preliminary determination of fault may also be produced and stored. The information may further include a determination of whether the vehicle 108 has continued operating (either autonomously or manually) or whether the vehicle 108 is capable of continuing to operate in compliance with applicable safety and legal requirements. If the controller 204 determines that the vehicle 108 has discontinued operation or is unable to continue operation (block 416), the method 400 may terminate. If the vehicle 108 continues operation, then the method 400 may continue as described below with reference to block 418.

FIG. 4B illustrates an alternative portion of the method 400 following an incident. When an incident is determined to have occurred (block 412), the controller 204 or the server 140 may record status and operating information (block 414), as above. In some instances, the incident may interrupt communication between the vehicle 108 and the server 140 via network 130, such that not all information typically recorded will be available for recordation and analysis by the server 140. Based upon the recorded data, the server 140 or the controller 204 may determine whether assistance may be needed at the location of the vehicle 108 (block 430). For example, the controller may determine that a head-on collision has occurred based upon sensor data (e.g., airbag deployment, automatic motor shut-off, LIDAR data indicating a collision, etc.) and may further determine based upon information regarding the speed of the vehicle 108 and other information that medical, police, and/or towing services will be necessary. The determination that assistance is needed may further include a determination of types of assistance needed (e.g., police, ambulance, fire, towing, vehicle maintenance, fuel delivery, etc.). This determination may include analysis of the type of incident, the sensor data regarding the incident (e.g., images from outward facing or inward facing cameras installed within the vehicle, identification of whether any passengers were present within the vehicle, determination of whether any pedestrians or passengers in other vehicles were involved in the incident, etc.). The determination of whether assistance is needed may further include information regarding the determined status of the vehicle 108.

In some embodiments, the determination regarding whether assistance is needed may be supplemented by a verification attempt, such as a phone call or communication through the on-board computer 114. Where the verification attempt indicates assistance is required or communication attempts fail, the server 140 or controller 204 would then determine that assistance is needed, as described above. For example, when assistance is determined to be needed following an accident involving the vehicle 108, the server 140 may direct an automatic telephone call to a mobile telephone number associated with the vehicle 108 or the vehicle operator. If no response is received, or if the respondent indicates assistance is required, the server 140 may proceed to cause a request for assistance to be generated.

When assistance is determined to be needed (block 432), the controller 204 or the server 140 may send a request for assistance (block 434). The request may include information regarding the vehicle 108, such as the vehicle's location, the type of assistance required, other vehicles involved in the incident, pedestrians involved in the incident, vehicle operators or passengers involved in the incident, and/or other relevant information. The request for assistance may include telephonic, data, or other requests to one or more emergency or vehicular service providers (e.g., local police, fire departments, state highway patrols, emergency medical services, public or private ambulance services, hospitals, towing companies, roadside assistance services, vehicle rental services, local claims representative offices, etc.). After sending a request for assistance (block 434) or when assistance is determined not to be needed (block 432), the controller 204 or the server 140 may next determine whether the vehicle is operational (block 416), as described above. The method 400 may then end or continue as indicated in FIG. 4A.

In some embodiments, the controller 204 may further determine information regarding the likely cause of a collision or other incident. Alternatively, or additionally, the server 140 may receive information regarding an incident from the on-board computer 114 and determine relevant additional information regarding the incident from the sensor data. For example, the sensor data may be used to determine the points of impact on the vehicle 108 and another vehicle involved in a collision, the relative velocities of each vehicle, the road conditions at the time of the incident, and the likely cause or the party likely at fault. This information may be used to determine risk levels associated with autonomous vehicle operation, as described below, even where the incident is not reported to the insurer.

The controller 204 may determine whether a change or adjustment to one or more of the settings or configuration of the autonomous operation features has occurred (block 418). Changes to the settings may include enabling or disabling an autonomous operation feature or adjusting the feature's parameters (e.g., resetting the speed on an adaptive cruise control feature). For example, a vehicle operator may selectively enable or disable autonomous operation features such as automatic braking, lane centering, or even fully autonomous operation at different times. If the settings or configuration are determined to have changed, the new settings or configuration may be recorded (block 422), either in the data storage 228 or the database 146. For example, the Data Application may log autonomous operation feature use and changes in a log file, including timestamps associated with the features in use.

Next, the controller 204 may record the operating data relating to the vehicle 108 in the data storage 228 or communicate the operating data to the server 140 via the network 130 for recordation in the database 146 (block 424). The operating data may include the settings or configuration information, the sensor data, and/or the communication data discussed above. In some embodiments, operating data related to normal autonomous operation of the vehicle 108 may be recorded. In other embodiments, only operating data related to incidents of interest may be recorded, and operating data related to normal operation may not be recorded. In still other embodiments, operating data may be stored in the data storage 228 until a sufficient connection to the network 130 is established, but some or all types of incident information may be transmitted to the server 140 using any available connection via the network 130.

The controller 204 may then determine whether operation of the vehicle 108 remains ongoing (block 426). In some embodiments, the method 400 may terminate when all autonomous operation features are disabled, in which case the controller 204 may determine whether any autonomous operation features remain enabled. When the vehicle 108 is determined to be operating (or operating with at least one autonomous operation feature enabled), the method 400 may continue through blocks 406-426 until vehicle operation has ended. When the vehicle 108 is determined to have ceased operating (or is operating without autonomous operation features enabled), the controller 204 may record the completion of operation (block 428), either in the data storage 228 or the database 146. In some embodiments, a second timestamp corresponding to the completion of vehicle operation may likewise be recorded, as above.

Exemplary Methods of Mapping Suitability of Autonomous Operation

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary autonomous operation suitability mapping method 500 for determining the suitability of various locations for autonomous and/or semi-autonomous operation of vehicles. The method 500 may be used to obtain and process data from multiple sources to determine suitability of locations such as road segments for various degrees of autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle operation. For example, operating data from a plurality of autonomous vehicles may be used to determine whether each of a plurality of road segments may be safely traversed by vehicles using particular autonomous operation features or technologies. Such plurality of vehicles may include a fleet of vehicles commonly owned, operated, or controlled or otherwise operated in a coordinated manner by one or more parties (e.g., a fleet of taxi cabs, delivery vehicles, etc.). This information regarding whether autonomous vehicles may safely operate in various autonomous or semi-autonomous modes along particular roadways may further be used to establish permissions or recommendations regarding the roadways for autonomous operation feature use by other vehicles. For example, a control system of an autonomous vehicle 108 may not allow (e.g., may disable) aspects of autonomous or semi-autonomous operation along road segments rated below a minimum threshold safety level for the use of relevant autonomous operation features.

The method 500 may begin by receiving operating data from a plurality of autonomous vehicles (block 502) and map data including a plurality of road segments from a map database (block 504). The operating data may be associated with the road segments based upon GPS or other location indications of the operating data (block 506). The method 500 may then process the operating data to analyze each of a number of road segments. A road segment may be identified for analysis (block 508), and risks associated with a level of autonomous or semi-autonomous operation on the road segment may be determined (block 510). From such determinations, one or more autonomous operation scores may be calculated for the road segment (block 512) and stored for further use (block 514). The method 500 may then check whether additional road segments remain to be analyzed (block 516). When no further road segments remain to be analyzed, the method 500 may (in some embodiments) generate an electronic map based upon the calculated scores for the road segments (block 518). Generating the electronic map may include generating graphical map tiles, overlay tiles in a map database, or data entries in a map database to store the electronic map data for further use in generating a visible map or for autonomous vehicle navigation. The generated electronic map (or portions thereof) may be displayed or presented to a user to aid in vehicle operation or route selection, in some embodiments.

At block 502, an external computing device 186 (such as a server 140) may receive operating data from a plurality of autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles 182 (such as the vehicle 108). The operating data may be received via a Data Application running on a mobile device 110 and/or on-board computer 114. In some embodiments, operating data may be received from both autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles 182. In further embodiments, this data may be supplemented with data from additional sources. Such additional sources may include databases of road or other environmental conditions (e.g., weather conditions, construction zones, traffic levels, estimated travel times, etc.), databases of vehicle collisions (e.g., insurance claims, insurance losses, police reports, etc.), or other databases of relevant information. For example, the additional data may include data regarding vehicle accidents, collisions, or other loss events obtained from a database maintained by an insurer or a governmental agency. In some embodiments, further data may include information regarding other hazardous events, regardless of whether a loss was incurred. Such hazardous events may include not only accidents and other events causing damage, but also occurrences of loss of control, hard braking or acceleration (i.e., beyond a threshold level of force in the direction of travel), hard swerving (i.e., beyond a threshold level of force in a direction perpendicular to the direction of travel), or near collisions (i.e., times when a vehicle came within an unsafe distance of another object). Regardless of the source, the data received may be associated with geographic locations. Such associations may be indicated by geospatial coordinates (e.g., GPS position), relative location data (e.g., street addresses, intersections, etc.), or area indications (e.g., cities, counties, types of roads, etc.).

At block 504, the external computing device 186 (such as a server 140) may similarly receive map data indicating a plurality of known road segments. The map data may be obtained upon requesting such data from a map database storing roadway data. For example, a map database may include a plurality (frequently thousands or millions, depending upon the geographic scope of the database) of line segments indicated by geopositioning coordinates of the endpoints of the segments. The road segments may individually include only portions of a stretch of roadway (e.g., a block, a quarter mile, etc.), which interconnect to form a representation of a roadway system or network. In some embodiments, such map data may be obtained from a third party as a copy of a database or via access through an Application Program Interface (API). The map data (and the operating data discussed above) may be received for a limited geographic area for which road segments are to be evaluated.

At block 506, the external computing device 186 (such as a server 140) may associate the received operating data with the road segments in the received map data. This may include converting one or both types of the received data (viz., the operating data and the map data) to a common location identification system. For example, part of the operating data may include street addresses or intersections, which may be converted into GPS coordinates for matching with the road segment data. In some embodiments, some road segments may be grouped or combined into relevant segments. For example, several segments of a long and winding road between intersections may be combined to facilitate more efficient analysis because visual mapping of the road segments may be irrelevant to the evaluation. The road segment data and the operating data may further be associated by a cross-reference table, by merging the data, or using other known data management techniques. In some embodiments, the operating data may not be associated with the road segments until each relevant road segment is selected for analysis, which may be more efficient when a small number of road segments are to be rated.

Once the operating data has been associated with the map data, one or more road segments may be analyzed to determine risks associated with autonomous or semi-autonomous operation thereupon. Blocks 508-516 may be repeated in a loop until all road segments (or all road segment selected for analysis) have been analyzed and scored. In some embodiments, not all road segments in the received map data will be analyzed. For example, road segments for which no corresponding operating has been received may not be analyzed. Similarly road segments for which too little operating data has been received (e.g., less than a threshold number of independent data points, less than a threshold number of separate vehicle trips associated with the road segment, etc.) may not be analyzed. In some such embodiments, such unanalyzed road segments may nonetheless receive a default score or flag indicative of their unanalyzed status. In other embodiments, such as where the method 500 is used to update existing autonomous operation suitability map data, such unanalyzed road segments may retain their previously assigned score and other data. As another example, a subset of the received road segments may be selected for analysis, either by a user or automatically. A user may select a group of road segments to analyze or may select characteristics of road segments to generate a group (e.g., by selecting road segments within a geographic area, highway road segments, urban area road segments, etc.). Alternatively, a group of road segments may be automatically identified for analysis upon the occurrence of an event, such as a request from a vehicle 108 for data near the vehicle's current position or along a route.

At block 508, the external computing device 186 (such as a server 140) may identify a particular road segment from the map data to analyze. The road segment may be identified by its position in a list of road segments, which may be sorted or unsorted. In some embodiments, an index or counter may be used to indicate the next road segment to be analyzed. When the road segment is identified, the operating data and any other data associated with the road segment may be accessed, copied, or moved into volatile memory to facilitate analysis.

At block 510, the external computing device 186 (such as a server 140) may determine one or more risk levels associated with the road segment. Machine learning techniques (e.g., support vectors, neural networks, random forests, naïve Bayesian classifiers, etc.) may be used to identify or estimate the magnitude of salient risk factors associated with autonomous operation feature use on the road segment. Such risk factors may include time of day, weather conditions, traffic conditions, speed, type of vehicle, types of sensors used by the vehicle, types of autonomous operation features in use, versions of autonomous operation features, interactions between autonomous operation features, autonomous operation feature settings or configurations, driver behavior, or other similar factors that may be derived from the data. Alternatively, statistical regression using a set of predetermined models may be used to estimate the effects of selected risk factors determinable from the data. In either case, the external computing device 186 may use the determined effects of the risk factors to further determine one or more risks associated with autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle operation on the road segment.

The one or more risk levels may include summary levels associated with groupings of combinations of risk factors, such as fully autonomous operation or semi-autonomous operation in which the driver actively steers the vehicle. In some embodiments, a risk level may be determined for each autonomous operation feature or category of autonomous operation features (which risk level may ignore or assume a default effect of interactions between autonomous operation features). In further embodiments, average risk levels for the road segment may be determined for a small number of categories of general levels of autonomous operation, such as the NHTSA's five categories of vehicle automation (ranging from category 0 with no autonomous operation through category 4 with fully autonomous operation). Of course, the quantity of operating data available for the road segment will affect the level of detail at which risk levels may be determined, both in terms of specificity of the risk levels and the number of separate risk levels determined for the road segment. In a preferred embodiment, operating data from a large number of vehicle trips along the road segment (i.e., hundreds or thousands of separate vehicle trips by at least several types of autonomous vehicles using different types and settings of autonomous operation features) may be used to determine risk levels associated with a plurality of autonomous operation feature use levels, configurations, and settings for a plurality of types of autonomous vehicles in various environmental conditions.

At block 512, the external computing device 186 (such as a server 140) may calculate one or more scores for autonomous or semi-autonomous operation associated with the road segment (i.e., suitability scores). This may include determining a score representing a risk level category (e.g., a score of 5 indicating high risk, a score of 4 indicating medium-high risk, a score of 1 indicating low risk, a score of 0 indicating that the road segment has not been analyzed, etc.) based upon a risk level determined as discussed above. The score may similarly represent a maximum recommended (or permitted) level of autonomous operation feature use on the road segment, which may depend upon environmental conditions or other factors as discussed above. In some embodiments, the score may be constrained by a statutory proscription regarding levels or types of autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle feature use on the road segment (e.g., limitations on fully autonomous operation in certain locations), information regarding which may be obtained from one or more servers associated with government agencies or other sources. Thus, the scores may indicate recommended or allowed autonomous operation feature usage or usage levels for road segments or areas.

In further embodiments, the score may indicate an adjustment factor for an insurance policy metric, such as a premium or deductible. For example, a high-risk usage profile along the road segment may be associated with an adjustment factor greater than one (indicating an increase in a cost due to the high-risk usage), while a low-risk usage profile along the road segment may be associated with an adjustment factor less than one (indicating a lower cost due to low-risk usage). In some embodiments, scores for a plurality of road segments along a vehicle route may be used to determine a cost, estimate, or quote for a usage-based insurance charge, premium, or other cost, which may be presented to a vehicle operator at the time of route selection to assist in selecting a route based upon safety, speed, cost, or other considerations.

Once the one or more scores are calculated, they may be stored in program memory 160 or database 146 (block 514). At block 516, the external computing device 186 may then determine whether there remain any further road segments to be analyzed. If additional road segments are to be analyzed, the method 500 may continue by identifying another road segment at block 508. If no additional road segments are to be analyzed, the method 500 may continue to block 518. In some embodiments, block 518 may be excluded, in which case the method 500 may terminate when no additional road segments are to be analyzed.

At block 518, the external computing device 186 (such as a server 140) may generate an electronic map in some embodiments. The electronic map may comprise a plurality of map tiles including indications of the scores of road segments. In some embodiments, the map tiles may be overlay to be superimposed upon other map tiles to indicate scores of road segments. In further embodiments, the electronic map may include map tiles indicating only road segments for which one or more autonomous operation features (e.g., a set of particular autonomous operation features, particular types of autonomous operation features, or particular levels of autonomous operation features) may be safely used (i.e., road segments meeting a minimum score threshold for safe use of the relevant autonomous operation features). In embodiments in which map tiles or overlay map tiles are generated, such tiles may be generated either as needed or in advance, but it is preferable to generate such tiles in advance because of the processing time and resources required to generate such tiles. In other embodiments, the electronic map may comprise an autonomous operation suitability map database of one or more scores (preferably a plurality of scores) for each road segment. Such database may be accessed to determine autonomous or semi-autonomous routes for vehicles, as discussed elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the electronic map (or portions thereof) may be communicated to a user device (e.g., the mobile device 110) to be displayed to a user.

Exemplary Autonomous Vehicle Routing Methods

FIG. 6 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary autonomous vehicle routing method 600 for determining a route between predetermined locations to provide autonomous vehicle navigation support. The method 600 may be used to identify and avoid locations where it may be difficult or dangerous for the vehicle 108 to use autonomous operation features. For example, autonomous operation may be unpredictable or hazardous when the vehicle encounters unexpected or temporary traffic patterns, such as temporary lane shifts during construction. In certain circumstances, it may be desirable to determine routes that avoid or minimize travel along road segments that are unsuitable for autonomous operation feature use. The method 600 may be implemented to determine routes that allow safe and fully autonomous travel (or any desired level of autonomous feature use).

The method 600 may begin by receiving a first geospatial location (block 602) and a destination geospatial location (block 604). Minimum requirements for the route may be determined (block 606.) Relevant map data associated with autonomous operation scores of road segments may then be accessed (block 608), such as from an autonomous operation suitability map database, and the map data may then be used to identify road segments within the relevant map data meeting the minimum requirements (block 610). The identified road segments may be examined to determine whether at least one path between the first geospatial position and the destination geospatial position exists (block 612). If no such path exists that meets the minimum requirements, one or more parameters of the routing method may be adjusted (block 614) until such path exists. When one or more paths are determined to exist, an optimal route between the first geospatial position and the destination geospatial position may be determined (block 616). An indication of the optimal route may then be provided to a mapping or navigation system for use in controlling the vehicle (block 618). The method 600 may be performed by a server 140, by a mobile device 110 and/or on-board computer 114, or by a combination of such components communicating via network 130. Although the description below is presented using a mobile device 110 and server 140 for simplicity, the description below may be easily modified for implementation by other systems including one or more of a mobile device 110, on-board computer 114, or server 140.

At block 602, the mobile device 140 may receive a first geospatial position. The mobile device 140 may further receive a destination geospatial position at block 604. The geospatial positions may be received as GPS or similar coordinates, street addresses, intersections, or any other indication of a specific location. In some embodiments, the first geospatial position may be received from a GPS unit 206 of the mobile device 110. Such GPS data may indicate the current location of the vehicle 108 or a location of a user, such as a location from which the user wishes to depart. Alternatively, the user may select the first geospatial position by indicating a starting location of the route, such as by entering an indication of the first geospatial position into the mobile device 110. The user may similarly select the destination geospatial location directly or indirectly. As an example of indirect selection, the user may indicate that travel to a type of location (e.g., a gas station, a hospital, etc.) is desired, from which the mobile device 110 may determine the destination geospatial location via communication with a map service via network 130. In some embodiments, both the first geospatial location and the destination geospatial location may be determined automatically in response to detected conditions, as described further below. In further embodiments, either or both of the first and destination geospatial locations may be identified or selected from a plurality of received common locations or routes for a fleet of vehicles, such as frequent origin or destination locations for a fleet of personal transportation, commercial delivery, or other vehicles 108.

At block 606, the minimum requirements for the route may be determined by the mobile device 110. The minimum requirements may relate to the acceptable range of scores for road segments along the route, such as requiring a minimum score for each road segment. Such minimum requirements may be selected by the user or may be automatically determined based upon conditions of vehicle operation. For example, the user may request a route suitable for fully autonomous operation. As another example, automatic emergency operation may require fully autonomous operation throughout the route. In some embodiments, the user may specify different minimum requirements for different types of road segments. For example, the user may require fully autonomous operation on highway road segments, but may allow semi-autonomous operation on residential street road segments. In further embodiments, a user profile may be created to indicate general user preferences regarding minimum route requirements, which may vary by time, location, weather, other environmental conditions, or whether the vehicle is operating in an emergency mode. For example, the user profile may indicate that a user prefers fully autonomous operation during weekday rush-hour operation. As another example, a user profile associated with a new driver may require fully autonomous operation after a certain time or in inclement weather.

At block 608, the mobile device 110 may communicate the geospatial locations and minimum requirements to the server 140 via the network 130, causing the server 140 to access relevant map data from one or more databases 146. In some embodiments, the mobile device 110 may communicate additional information to the server 140 to facilitate determination of an optimal route. Such additional information may include details regarding available types, configurations, settings, and operating status of autonomous operation features (which may include information regarding sensors 120 or software versions). Part or all of the additional information may be stored in a vehicle profile within the database 146 to reduce data transmission over the network. The relevant map data may be limited to road segments in a predefined or algorithmically determined distance from the geospatial locations. For example, the map data may be accessed for the smallest map tile in the map database that includes both the first and destination geospatial positions. Because the conditions of the operating environment (e.g., time of day, traffic levels, weather, construction, etc.) impact the effectiveness of the autonomous operation features, the server 140 may determine the condition of the relevant operating environment and access the map data associated with operation within the relevant operating environment. For example, map data relating to autonomous or semi-autonomous operation of vehicles on road segments at night may be accessed if the route is to be traveled at night, while corresponding road segment data associated with daytime travel may be ignored as irrelevant.

At block 610, the server 140 may identify the road segments meeting the minimum requirements for types and/or levels of autonomous operation feature use from the accessed map data. This may include selecting road segments from the accessed map data that match multiple facets of the minimum requirements, such as meeting the separate minimum requirements for the operation of a plurality of autonomous operation features. Thus, the set of road segments identified as meeting the minimum requirements may be the intersection of the sets of road segments that meet each facet of the minimum requirements. In some embodiments, considerations of legal proscriptions regarding use of autonomous operation features on road segments may be used to determine whether such road segments meet the minimum requirements. For example, some road segments may generally meet the minimum requirements but may ban or require certain autonomous operation feature use during certain periods (e.g., weekday rush hour periods).

At block 612, the server 140 may determine whether at least one route exists that forms a connected path between the first geospatial location and the destination geospatial location along the identified road segments that meet the minimum requirements. This may include iteratively checking road segments until either a connecting path is found or all road segments have been checked. In some embodiments, this may include a preliminary step of determining whether both the first and destination geospatial positions lie along road segments that meet the minimum requirements, which may be used to quickly determine that no suitable route exists if one or both geospatial locations are not upon a road segment meeting the minimum requirements. If at least one path between the first and destination geospatial locations is found, the method 600 may continue with determining an optimal route (block 616). If no paths meeting the minimum requirements are found, the method 600 may instead attempt to adjust the parameters (block 614) to find a suitable route. Once the parameters have been adjusted (block 614), the method 600 may continue by accessing map data using the new parameters (block 608). Alternatively, the method 600 may notify the user that no suitable route exists or may terminate with an error message if no suitable path is found.

At block 614, the server 140 may adjust one or more parameters in an attempt to find a route suitable for the requested type of autonomous or semi-autonomous operation. This may include adjusting the minimum requirements to include road segments that are near the original minimum requirements (e.g., within 5% of the original minimum score threshold). If a legal proscription against certain types or levels of autonomous operation along particular road segments exists, however, such road segments may be separately treated as unavailable for adjustment. In some embodiments, the adjusted parameters may be parameters other than the minimum requirements. Such other parameters may include distance from the first and destination geospatial locations, use of toll roads, or similar parameters involving the scope of the accessed the map data. For example, additional map data tiles may be included, such as overlapping or larger map data tiles. This may correspond to driving generally away from the destination geospatial location before traveling towards it. Although such routes may be longer, the additional road segments may facilitate travel in a manner that meets the minimum requirements everywhere along the route.

In further embodiments, adjusting the parameters may include allowing for the inclusion of short distances of road segments that may be suitable for significantly less autonomous or semi-autonomous operation. For example, road segments of less than one mile that connect on both ends to road segments meeting the minimum requirements (or that connect to or contain the first or destination geospatial locations) may be included, even if such road segments are not suitable for any autonomous operation feature use (or are suitable for only the lowest levels of such feature use). This may allow the driver to travel most of the trip autonomously using an efficient route, but the route may require the driver to take control for a short distance (e.g., while passing through a construction zone).

Similarly, in instances in which a suitable route cannot be found because the first geospatial location or the destination geospatial location are not located along a road segment that meets the minimum requirements, a substitute geospatial location along a road segment that meets the minimum requirements may be determined. Such substitute geospatial position may be used to determine routes between a substitute first geospatial position and the destination geospatial position, between the first geospatial position and a substitute destination geospatial position, or between a substitute first geospatial position and a substitute destination geospatial position. For example, a pick-up or drop-off location requested by the user may be adjusted to facilitate autonomous or semi-autonomous operation along a route of road segments meeting the minimum requirements.

Once at least one route is found that forms a connected path between the first geospatial location and the destination geospatial location along the identified road segments that meet the minimum requirements, the server 140 may determine one or more optimal routes between the geospatial positions at block 616. Where substitute geospatial positions have been determined, of course, the route will use such substitute geospatial positions as origin or terminal points. Routes may be optimized relative to metrics such as time, distance, total risk, continuity of progress (i.e., avoiding stops), amount of fully autonomous operation, amount of manual operation, amount of operation at or above the minimum requirements, fuel use, and/or other metrics. For example, the optimized route may maximize a distance or an amount of time that the autonomous vehicle travels in autonomous mode, or the optimized route may minimize a distance or time that the autonomous vehicle travels in manual mode. In some instances, a unique optimal route may be determined, while other instances may identify multiple optimal routes that are equivalent (or within statistical margins of error) for the relevant one or more metrics. The optimal route may be the safest route, the route associated with a least amount of pedestrian traffic or cross walks, the quickest route, the shortest route, or the route with most highway driving.

The optimal route may include the highest percentage of autonomous feature usage or autonomous mode operation, or may include 95% to 100% autonomous mode operation along the route. The optimal route may be the shortest route (in time or mileage) that includes the highest percentage of autonomous feature usage or autonomous mode operation. The optimal route may be the shortest route (in time or mileage) that includes a percentage of autonomous feature usage or autonomous mode operation over a predetermined threshold, such as 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, or 90%. The optimal route may be the shortest route (in time or mileage) that includes 100% autonomous feature usage or autonomous mode operation over the route. The optimal route may similarly be a route associated with the lowest risk, or the fastest or shortest route below a maximum tolerable risk threshold. The risk may be determined based upon a risk profile for the vehicle 108 and/or a user profile for the vehicle operator.

Some embodiments may include determining a plurality of optimal routes, each of which optimizes some set of one or more metrics (e.g., the fastest route, the shortest route, or the cheapest route based upon total costs of operation including fuel, wear, insurance, tolls, etc.). In embodiments in which a route may include one or more road segments where manual operation or semi-autonomous operation is required, the optimal routes may further be determined based at least in part upon the amount of manual or semi-autonomous operation required, or the level of manual or semi-autonomous operation required. In further embodiments, one optimal route may be selected from alternative optimal routes, either by application of automated decision criteria or by receiving a user selection.

At block 618, the server 140 may then provide the determined optimal route (or routes) to the mobile device 110 for use in vehicle navigation. The mobile device 110 may present the optimal route (or routes) to the user for review and approval in some embodiments. For example, one or more optimal routes determined above may be presented to the user via a display 202 associated with the mobile device 110 or on-board computer 114 as recommendations. Such recommendations may include additional information regarding risks, time, or costs associated therewith. For example, costs associated with adjustments to insurance policy premiums, discounts, or other terms may be presented to the user with one or more recommendations. In further embodiments, the optimal route may be communicated to the on-board computer 114 of the vehicle 108 to cause the vehicle 108 to operate autonomously along the optimal route, such as in emergency situations or when a fully autonomous trip is requested. In still further embodiments, presenting the optimal route or routes may include generating notifications of where (and when) autonomous mode or manual mode is required or recommended along individual routes or roads, such as notifications of (1) when or where the driver should manually operate/drive the autonomous vehicle, (2) when or where the autonomous system should drive or control the autonomous vehicle, and/or (3) when or where certain autonomous features or system should be engaged or utilized, and at which setting or configuration individual autonomous systems or features should be engaged. In some embodiments, the optimal route may be further used to determine a cost, estimate, or quote for a usage-based insurance charge, premium, or other cost, which may be presented to a vehicle operator at the time of route selection to assist in selecting a route based upon safety, speed, cost, or other considerations. Vehicle use may further be monitored to determine whether the recommended optimal route is followed, which may be used to adjust risk levels and/or costs associated with insurance accordingly.

Automatic Identification & Response to Anomalous Conditions

During manual operation of traditional vehicles, operators frequently observed and respond to anomalous conditions within the vehicle operating environment (e.g., pot holes, standing water, ice patches, animals on the road, etc.). Adept operators also observe the actions of other vehicles ahead of theirs for signs of possible anomalies, such as by observing swerving or brake lights ahead. Although autonomous vehicles perform well in response to ordinary conditions, ordinary autonomous operation lacks the ability to address rare or novel situations as well as human drivers. The methods described herein address this issue through anomaly detection via machine learning, communication, or analysis of other vehicles' behavior. Some methods described herein further include information sharing to allow warnings to be shared with vehicles lacking autonomous sensing functionality, thereby utilizing the data generated by the sensors 120 of autonomous vehicles 108 to provide useful warnings to other vehicles. The methods described herein thus improve upon existing autonomous vehicle operation techniques by enabling more effective responses to anomalies within the vehicle operating environment.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary anomaly detection and response method 700 for automatically identifying and adjusting to anomalous conditions within the vehicle operating environment of a vehicle 108. The method 700 may begin by monitoring the vehicle operating environment of a vehicle 108 (block 702) and obtaining environmental data associated with an anomaly within the vehicle operating environment (block 704). Using the environmental data, an anomaly may be identified (block 706), which may include determining a location, type, and severity of the anomaly. If corrective action is determined to be needed in response to the identified anomaly (block 708), one or more corrective actions may be determined (block 710) and implemented by the vehicle 108 (block 712). In some embodiments, the vehicle 108 may further determine whether an alert regarding the anomaly should be communicated to warn other vehicles (block 714), such as by determining whether the severity of the identified anomaly exceeds a broadcast threshold. If such communication is appropriate, an alert may be generated and sent to other vehicles or a remote server (block 716). In response to receiving the alert, the other vehicles or remote server may implement responses based upon the alert (block 718). Responses may include taking evasive action or rerouting in order to avoid the anomaly. Although the method 700 is described herein as being implemented by an on-board computer 114 of the vehicle 108, other components may implement part or all of the method, such as a mobile device 110 within the vehicle 108 and/or a server 140 communicating with the vehicle 108 via a network 130.

At block 702, the on-board computer 114 may monitor the vehicle operating environment of the vehicle 108 during operation, such as during a vehicle trip along a route. As the vehicle 108 traverses the route, operating data regarding the vehicle 108, sensor data from one or more sensors 120, and autonomous communication data from communication component 122 may be generated or otherwise obtained. Such data may be used to track the location of the vehicle 108, navigate the vehicle 108, avoid collisions with other vehicles or obstacles in the vehicle's path, and control the vehicle by one or more autonomous operation features. Even when operated manually, in some embodiments, the vehicle 108 may continue to generate or receive sensor data, operating data, and communication data. The sensor data may include data such as image data, radar or lidar data, GPS data, audio data, or other sensor data as described elsewhere herein. Communication data may be received directly from nearby autonomous vehicles or infrastructure components 124, or communication data may be received indirectly from the server 140 via the network 130. Further operating data may be received from the autonomous operation features to indicate control decisions by the features or the circumstances or reasons for such control decisions. In some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may monitor the immediate area around the current location of the vehicle 108 and upcoming areas along the route, either directly using forward sensors or indirectly through communication with other vehicles or infrastructure components 124.

At block 704, the on-board computer 114 may obtain environmental data associated with an anomaly within the vehicle operating environment. The vehicle operating environment may include the immediate environment of the vehicle 108, as well as upcoming areas along a route, in some embodiments. The environmental data may be sensor data, operating data, or communication data monitored by the on-board computer 114. In addition to data directly indicating conditions in the local environment, the environmental data may include information regarding observed actions of other vehicles in response to conditions in the local environment. For example, the environmental data may include sensor data indicating another vehicle is observed swerving or braking. In some embodiments, the environmental data may include communication data (i.e., an autonomous communication message) from another vehicle or infrastructure component within the vehicle operating environment. Such communication data may contain information regarding environmental conditions generally, or it may include an indication of a particular anomaly (i.e., a location and type of anomaly and, in some embodiments, an indication of severity of the anomaly). In further embodiments, the communication data may be received in response to a request from the vehicle 108. For example, the vehicle 108 may observe that another vehicle has swerved based upon sensor data from one or more sensors 120 of the vehicle 108. Based upon such observation, the vehicle 108 may communicate with the other vehicle to obtain communication data indicating an indication of a reason why the other vehicle swerved (e.g., to avoid a pot hole or debris, to avoid an animal, or due to driver error).

At block 706, the on-board computer 114 may identify the anomaly based upon the environmental data. The location, type, and severity of the anomaly may be identified. The location may be determined based upon the environmental data as a relative location with respect to a current location of the vehicle 108 or as an absolute location using an external frame of reference (e.g., GPS coordinates). The type of the anomaly may be indicative of a cause or category of the anomaly (e.g., traffic congestion, inclement weather such as ice, rain, or snow, road construction, deer or other animals on or near the road, pedestrians crossing the road, stalled or parked vehicles, etc.). The type of the anomaly may include one or more of: (i) road construction; (ii) a flooded road; (iii) a pot hole; (iv) debris in a traffic lane; (v) inadequate road or lane marking visibility; (vi) presence of a bicycle lane; (vii) inoperable traffic lights; (viii) inadequate road lighting from street lights; (ix) presence of a pedestrian; (x) presence of a school bus stop; (xi) presence of a school zone; (xii) traffic direction by emergency personnel; (xiii) a traffic accident; (xiv) a detour; (xv) presence of children; or (xvi) presence of an animal.

The severity of the anomaly may be indicative of risk levels associated with the anomaly, urgency of taking responsive actions, expected or potential damage associated with the anomaly, or whether the anomaly limits or prevents continuation along the route (e.g., one lane being flooded may limit operation, but all lanes being flooded may completely prevent operation along the road segment). Risk levels associated with the anomaly may indicate risks of vehicle damage or accident occurrence due to the anomaly, which may include expected responses of other vehicles to the anomaly (e.g., other vehicles swerving to avoid an animal). In some embodiments, the severity may be implicitly identified as part of the type of the anomaly. For example, the type may include multiple categories for similar anomalies (e.g., a partial roadway flooding category may indicate a moderate severity level, whereas a total roadway flooding category may indicate a high severity level).

In some embodiments, the anomaly may be first identified as environmental data that does not match usual patterns for the vehicle operating environment, then further evaluated to identify with greater specificity the anomaly. Such separation of initial identification of a possible anomaly and assessment of the possible anomaly to identify the anomaly may be particularly advantageous in reducing computations resources used in identifying anomalies. Because anomalies are infrequent, the computationally intensive analysis of anomalous environmental data may be limited to situations where a possible anomaly has already been determined (i.e., where standard analysis of the environmental data produces an unusual or impermissible result). The evaluation of anomalous environmental data may be computationally intensive because it may involve the analysis of the data using one or more models trained using machine learning techniques. Such models may be used to determine the type and severity (e.g., risk) of the anomaly. The machine learning techniques may include training a model using data having known characteristics relating to a plurality of anomalous conditions within various operating environments. These training techniques may include any of the machine learning techniques discussed elsewhere herein, such as deep learning, deep-transfer learning, cross-learning, support vectors, neural networks, or other similar techniques. To identify the anomaly, the environmental data (or portions thereof) may be evaluated using one or more trained models, and different sets of environmental data may be evaluated using the same models to determine reliability or robustness of the results. In some embodiments, environmental data may be communicated to a server 140 for analysis to identify the anomaly, which server 140 may evaluate the environmental data using a plurality of data models.

The anomaly may be identified based upon one or more types of environmental data. In some embodiments, the anomaly may be identified by extracting information regarding the anomaly from an autonomous message received at a communication component 122 of the vehicle 108, either directly or indirectly, from another autonomous vehicle or from an infrastructure component 124. The on-board computer 114 may simply extract indications of the location, type, and severity of the anomaly from such autonomous messages, or information in such autonomous messages may be further processed to determine part or all of the identifying information regarding the anomaly. Such autonomous messages may similarly be generated by and received from a server 140 in some embodiments. For example, the server 140 may combine and analyze environmental data from a plurality of autonomous vehicles using a plurality of trained models to identify the anomaly. An indication of the anomaly may then be sent by the server 140 to one or more vehicles, which may include the vehicles from which the environmental data was received or other vehicles. In some embodiments, autonomous communication data may be combined with sensor data or other operating data to identify the anomaly, such as by combining sensor data indicating an environmental condition with communication data or operation data indicating a control decision made by an autonomous operation feature of the vehicle 108 or another autonomous vehicle.

One or more types of sensor data may also be used to identify the anomaly. Such sensor data may include information regarding environmental conditions or observed reactions of other vehicles to such conditions, such as observed movements of another vehicle. For example, spinning wheels detected by an autonomous operation feature based upon sensor data or operating data may be determined by the on-board computer 114 to indicate an ice patch. As another example, sensor data may indicate that multiple vehicles traveling ahead of the vehicle 108 along a road segment have swerved at the same location, suggesting the presence of an anomaly at the location. The vehicle 108 may, therefore, prepare to likewise swerve or adjust course around the location. Additional sensor data may indicate the type and severity of the anomaly, such as a large pot hole. Based upon the identification of the anomaly, the vehicle 108 may determine to make changes to its operation, such as adjusting course or following a path of a preceding vehicle.

At block 708, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether a corrective action is needed in response to the identified anomaly. This may include determining whether the anomaly is of a type or severity level predetermined to need a response. Additionally, the location of the anomaly may be used in determining whether a response is needed. If the anomaly is of a type that is transitory (e.g., an animal running across the road) and the location is sufficient distant from the current location of the vehicle 108, the on-board computer 114 may determine that no corrective action is needed. In some embodiments in which the severity of the anomaly is indicated by a risk level, the on-board computer may determine whether a corrective action is needed by comparing the risk level with a response threshold. If the risk level exceeds the response threshold, a correction action may be determined to be required. Otherwise, the on-board computer 114 may determine that no corrective action is required. The risk level may be based upon the type of the anomaly (e.g., the obstacle or other abnormal condition), vehicle speed or posted speed limit, weather conditions, road conditions, construction, or level of traffic. If a corrective action is determined to be needed, the corrective action may be determined and implemented at block 710 and 712.

At block 710, the on-board computer 114 may determine a corrective action to take in response to the identified anomaly. The corrective action may be determined based upon the type and severity of the anomaly. In some embodiments, the location of the anomaly may also be used in determining the corrective action. Information regarding other objects (e.g., other vehicles or pedestrians) or conditions in the vehicle operating environment may further be used in determining the corrective action. For autonomous vehicles, such corrective action may include automatically controlling the vehicle to perform one or more of the following control actions to avoid the anomaly: reducing speed, stopping, turning, swerving, or re-routing the vehicle. If such responses are unavailable, inadequate, or inadvisable, the corrective action may include presenting a notification to a vehicle operator. Such notification may include information regarding the location and type of the anomaly, and the notification may further include information indicating the severity of the anomaly.

The corrective action may be determined based upon the determined type of anomaly, as well as other environmental conditions. For instance, for a squirrel crossing a road with a lot of traffic moving at a relatively high rate of speed, the on-board computer 114 may determine that it is safer to gradually slow down because of the heavy traffic, rather than slamming on the brakes. On the other hand, for a larger animal, such as a moose or cow crossing the road, the on-board computer 114 may determine that it is safer to stop or swerve as quickly as possible to avoid the large animal, especially if there is little or no traffic in the vicinity of the anomaly along the road segment on which the vehicle 108 is traveling.

In some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 further evaluate the environmental data using one or more models trained using machine learning techniques to determine the corrective action to be implemented. In further embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may evaluate an observed response of another vehicle to determine whether such response should be implemented as a corrective action. For example, if a preceding vehicle is observed to swerve to avoid a pot hole, the vehicle 108 may determine to follow the path of the preceding vehicle. In yet further embodiments, the corrective action may be determined by modifying an observed action of another vehicle to improve the response to the anomaly. For example, a longer and more gradual swerve may be determined to be possible based upon an observed swerve of the preceding vehicle.

At block 712, once a corrective action has been determined, the on-board computer 114 may cause the corrective action to be implemented. Implementing the corrective action may include adjusting operation of the vehicle 108, such as by controlling the operation of the vehicle 108 via a plurality of control actions that adjust the direction or speed of the vehicle 108. Additionally or alternative, implementing the control action may include presenting a notification to a vehicle operator via a display 202. In further embodiments, implementing the corrective action may include communicating with a remote server 140 to determine an alternative route around the anomaly, which may then be used to navigate the vehicle 108 around the anomaly. In some embodiments, the vehicle 108 may further respond to the anomaly by communicating an alert to other vehicles or to a remote server 140 under some circumstances, as discussed below. Otherwise, the method 700 may terminate.

At block 714, in some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether to send an alert regarding the anomaly to other vehicles. The determination may be based upon the type and severity of the anomaly in order to avoid an excessive quantity of alerts being transmitted for transitory or minor anomalies. In some embodiments, the existence of another recent alert may also be used to determine whether to generate an alert. For example, a second vehicle to identify the anomaly may suppress alert generation if a first vehicle has previously transmitted an alert within a predetermined period (e.g., ten minutes, one hour, one day, etc.). The type of anomaly may be used to determine whether a sufficient time has passed to transmit another alert. In further embodiments, the determination may include an assessment of a risk level associated with the anomaly. In a particular embodiment in which the severity of the anomaly is indicated as a risk level, the on-board computer 114 may determine to send an alert when the risk level exceeds a broadcast threshold level. Such broadcast threshold level may be predetermined or may vary based upon other environmental conditions (e.g., time of day, lighting conditions, weather, etc.). If it is determined not to send an alert, the method 700 may terminate. If it is determined to send and alert, the alert may next be generated and sent.

At block 716, in some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may generate and send an alert associated with the identified anomaly. The alert may include an indication of the location and type of the anomaly, and it may further include an indication of the severity of the anomaly. The on-board computer 114 of the vehicle 108 may send the alert directly or indirectly to one or more other vehicles using the communication component 122. Direct communication may be achieved via direct wireless communication links between the vehicle 108 and other vehicles. In some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may broadcast the alert via modulated light signals using one or more external lights of the vehicle 108 as a controlled sequence of periods of illumination encoding and specifying the alert. For example, brake lights of the vehicle 108 may be flashed at a high rate of speed (e.g., above a rate noticeable by human vision) to encode computer-readable messages of arbitrarily variable content, which may be used to communicate the alert in a manner similar to wireless radio frequency communication. Indirect communication may be achieved by communicating the alert to a remote server 140 via the network 130, which server 140 may further communicate the alert to the other vehicles via the network 130. In some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may communicate the alert to the server 140 for use by the server 140, without the alert necessarily being further communicated to other vehicles. For example, the server 140 may use the information included in the alert to update road segment suitability data in a map database.

At block 718, in some embodiments, the server 140 or other vehicle may receive the alert directly or indirectly from the vehicle 108 and implement a response to the alert. The other vehicle may receive the alert via a communication unit and extract the information regarding the anomaly by a processor within the other vehicle. Based upon this information regarding the anomaly, the other vehicle may take an appropriate corrective action in response to the alert, similar to those corrective actions discussed above. Specifically, the other vehicle may present a notification to the vehicle operator of the other vehicle, or an autonomous operation feature of the other vehicle may control the other vehicle to avoid the anomaly. In some embodiments, the server 140 may implement a response upon receiving the alert from the vehicle 108. Such response by the server 140 may include further communicating the response to one or more other vehicles in the vicinity of the anomaly or routed to pass by the anomaly. Additionally or alternatively, the server 140 may update a map database based upon the information regarding the alert. The map database may be updated by adding new data regarding the anomaly to the database, the new data being associated with a suitability score or other autonomous operation suitability data regarding a road segment associated with the location of the anomaly. For example, the anomaly may be added as a location of interest associated with a road segment, which may be sent with the road segment information in response to a vehicle request for map data or route information. In further embodiments, the server 140 may further communicate with one or more other vehicles to prevent the other vehicles from generating alerts regarding the anomaly for a predetermined period of time (e.g., ten minutes, an hour, a day, etc.). The server 140 may implement such response by including an indication of the prohibition on such alerts with the alert when communicating the alert to the one or more other vehicles via the network 130. Once all responses have been implemented, the method 700 may terminate.

Autonomous Component Maintenance and Repair

Proper operation of autonomous vehicles depends upon reliable sensor data and accurate evaluation of such data by software and hardware modules of autonomous operation features. When the sensor data is inaccurate due to a faulty sensor or is improperly evaluated due to out-of-date or corrupt software, autonomous control becomes extremely hazardous to vehicle occupants, as well as nearby pedestrians and other vehicles. Although existing autonomous control systems can typically distinguish whether a sensor is present or absent, they cannot readily determine whether an active data stream from a sensor is accurate. Slow deterioration of sensor data quality over time is particularly difficult to detect because the generated data may appear normal despite being significantly inaccurate. The methods disclosed herein address this issue by analyzing data from sensors and other components of autonomous vehicles against known baseline data to detect deterioration of such components. When such component deterioration is detected, affected autonomous operation features or systems may be identified and disabled to avoid inadvertent use of unstable control systems. Thus, the methods described herein improve upon existing techniques for evaluating autonomous vehicle components by identifying and responding to a broader range of component malfunctions than previous techniques could identify. This immediately improves the quality and safety of autonomous vehicle operation, as well as providing advance warning of component maintenance requirements in some instances.

FIG. 8 illustrates a flow diagram of an exemplary component maintenance and repair method 800 for maintaining components of a vehicle 108 having one or more autonomous operation features. The method 800 may begin, in some embodiments, with the collection and storage of baseline data associated with the vehicle 108 (block 802) at a time at which the components are known to be in good operating condition. In such embodiments, this baseline data may be used to train a model using machine learning techniques (block 804). Operating data regarding operation of the vehicle 108 may then be obtained (block 806), which operating data may include sensor data or software data associated with autonomous operation features of the vehicle 108. The obtained operating data may be evaluated by comparing the operating data against the baseline data to determine likelihood of component malfunction or performance deterioration (block 808). If a malfunction or deterioration of performance of the component is determined to exist (block 810), an indicator of component maintenance requirement status may be generated (block 812), which may provide information regarding the component maintenance requirement status and a recommendation to repair or replace the component. In some embodiments, a notification based upon the component maintenance requirement status may be generated and presented to an owner, operator, or other party associated with the vehicle 108 (block 814).

Additionally or alternatively, risk levels associated with autonomous operation of the vehicle may be determined based upon the component maintenance requirement status (block 816) and evaluated to determine if the risk levels exceed a safety threshold indicating maximum safe operational risk (block 818). If the risk levels exceed the safety threshold, one or more usage restrictions may be enacted to limit operation of the vehicle 108 (block 820), such as disabling autonomous operation features associated with the malfunctioning component. Such usage restrictions may remain in place until the component has been repaired or replaced (block 822). Although the method 800 is described herein as being implemented by an on-board computer 114 of the vehicle 108, other components may implement part or all of the method, such as a mobile device 110 within the vehicle 108 and/or a server 140 communicating with the vehicle 108 via a network 130.

At block 802, in some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may collect baseline data for the vehicle 108 and store the baseline data in a program memory 208. The baseline data may be collected at a time when the components of the vehicle 108 are known to be functioning properly (i.e., in good operating condition), thereby providing a baseline for later comparison. The baseline data may include data from one or more sensors 120 of the vehicle 108, as well as other types of operating data, including software data regarding the operation of one or more software components of the vehicle 108. The baseline data may be summarized or communicated via the network 130 to a server 140 for further analysis.

At block 804, in some embodiments, the server 140 may use the collected baseline data or other data associated with known component conditions to train a model using machine-learning techniques. Such models may later be used to determine or predict malfunction or deterioration of component performance. The machine learning techniques may include training one or more models using data having known characteristics relating to a plurality of components of a plurality of vehicles. These training techniques may include any of the machine learning techniques discussed elsewhere herein, such as deep learning, deep-transfer learning, cross-learning, support vectors, neural networks, or other similar techniques.

At block 806, the on-board computer 114 may obtain operating data regarding operation of one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle 108. The operating data may be associated with a plurality of components, such as sensors 120 providing sensor data to autonomous operation features or software components (i.e., software programs or routines implementing aspects of autonomous operation of the vehicle 108). The operating data may include telematics data regarding the movements of the vehicle 108, control decision data generated by autonomous operation features, sensor data generated by the sensors 120, software data regarding operation of software components, control actions taken by the vehicle operator or by components of the vehicle 108, or autonomous communication data associated with a communication component 122. The operating data may be collected by the on-board computer 114 during operation of the vehicle 108, such as during a vehicle trip. In various embodiments, the operating data may be periodically evaluated during vehicle operation or may be stored for later evaluation, such as upon completion of a vehicle trip or at the beginning of another vehicle trip.

At block 808, the on-board computer 114 may evaluate the operating data to determine a likelihood of a component malfunction or deterioration in the performance of a component. The evaluation may include comparing the operating data against baseline data, either directly or indirectly. Direct comparison of the operating data and baseline data may include comparing average values of sensor data, such as dynamic effects in data signals, signal-to-noise ratios, response rates, power usage, or similar metrics. Direct comparison of the operating data may similarly include direct comparison of software data generated by or about software components, such as check variable values, computational speed, or version identifiers. Indirect comparison of the operating data with the baseline data may include evaluation of the operating data by one or more models trained using baseline data using machine-learning techniques. Such models may use operating data from a plurality of sources (e.g., a plurality of sensors or software routines) to identify a malfunction or performance deterioration in a component, such as by the interaction of various data streams from different sources.

The baseline data may include baseline data obtained from the same vehicle 108, as discussed above, or may include other types of baseline data. For example, the baseline data may include data obtained from manufacturer testing of sensors similar to those installed in the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may access baseline data stored in the program memory 208 or, via the network 130, may access baseline data stored in a database 146. In further embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may determine a probability or likelihood of component malfunction or performance deterioration, which may be used to determine whether further action should be taken or whether the likelihood of malfunction or performance deterioration is within acceptable levels.

At block 810, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether a malfunction or deterioration of performance of the component is likely to exist based upon the results of the evaluation of the operating data. This may include detecting whether performance of a component is likely to have deteriorated based upon a comparison of the operating data and the baseline date. Similarly, this may include detecting whether a component is likely to be malfunctioning based upon the operating data and the baseline data. Where the component is a sensor 120, this may include determining that the sensor data generated by the sensor 120 is unreliable based upon a comparison against baseline sensor data or based upon analysis with using a trained model. For example, a likelihood or probability of component malfunction or performance deterioration may be compared against a threshold level to determine whether there is a sufficient risk of component malfunction or performance deterioration to take further action. Where the component is a software component, this may include determining that the software component is a corrupted or out-of-date (i.e., not current) version of a software program or routine. When the on-board computer 114 determines the likelihood of component malfunction or performance deterioration is sufficiently low, the method 800 may terminate.

At block 812, the on-board computer 114 may determine a component maintenance requirement status associated with the malfunctioning or performance-deteriorated component. The component maintenance requirement status may include one or more indications of a current or predicted failure of the component, such as probabilities of failure of the component for a plurality of times or time periods. The component maintenance requirement status may further include information regarding the extent or type of malfunction or other performance deterioration of the component. The information regarding the extent may indicate a severity of the malfunction or deterioration of performance. In some embodiments, the component maintenance requirement status may similarly include an indication of a type of repair or replacement to correct the detected malfunction or deterioration in performance of the component. An indicator of the component maintenance requirement status may be generated based upon the results of the evaluation of the operating data. In some embodiments, the determination of the component maintenance requirement status may include evaluating the operating data using a model trained using machine-learning techniques, as discussed elsewhere herein.

At block 814, in some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may generate and present a notification regarding the component maintenance requirement status. The notification may include an indication of the component maintenance requirement status and an indication of a type of repair or replacement to correct the detected malfunction or deterioration in performance of the component, such as a recommended part to replace or maintenance procedure to perform. For a software component, the repair or replacement indicated may include installation of a software patch or update, or it may include a reinstalling the same version of the software component to correct a corruption in the software component code. The notification may be presented to an owner, operator, or other interested party associated with the vehicle 108, which may include transmitting the notification to a mobile device 110 or other computing device via the network 130. Warnings may be provided to vehicle operators during operation, which may include recommended actions. As an example, one recommendation may be to pull to the side of the road or otherwise park the vehicle. As other examples, the recommendation may including disabling an affected autonomous operation feature, disengaging the feature, or only allowing non-highway driving if the vehicle's maximum speed is too low or below a threshold (e.g., 55 mph). In some embodiments, the notification may include an indication of an incentive to repair or replace the component, such as a reduction in a cost associated with an insurance policy, an increase in a coverage limit, or a reduction or elimination of a deductible if the component is repaired or replaced or an increase in a premium until the component is repaired or replaced.

At block 816, in some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may determine one or more risk levels associated with the malfunction or deterioration of performance of the component. The risk levels may indicate risks associated with operation of the vehicle 108 using one or more autonomous operation features that utilize the component. For example, the risk levels may indicate risks of a collision when operating the vehicle 108 using autonomous operation features that receive unreliable sensor data from a malfunctioning sensor 120. In some embodiments, the risk levels may be associated with varying levels or extents of autonomous operation using the autonomous operation features. In further embodiments in which probabilities of failure of the component for a plurality of times or time periods are determined, a plurality of risk levels may be determined associated with the times or time periods.

At block 818, in some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may determine whether any of the risk levels exceed a safety threshold indicating maximum safe operational risk. The safety threshold may be fixed or may vary dynamically based upon weather or other environmental conditions in the vehicle operating environment. If none of the risk levels exceed the safety threshold, the method 800 may terminate. If at least one risk level exceeds the safety threshold, usage restrictions may be determined and implemented.

At block 820, in some embodiments, the on-board computer 114 may enact one or more usage restrictions based upon the component maintenance requirement status of the component. The usage restrictions may limit settings or extent of use of one or more autonomous operation features associated with the component based upon corresponding risk levels. Such usage restrictions may further include limiting usage of one or more autonomous operation features (or some settings thereof) under some circumstances (e.g., in inclement weather, heavy traffic, or at highway speeds). In further embodiments, the usage restrictions may disable all use of the one or more autonomous operation features associated with the component (or a subset thereof) until the component is repaired or replaced. To enforce the usage restrictions, the on-board computer 114 may lock the disallowed selections of autonomous operation settings or choices by the vehicle operator to limit or disable the features. In some instances, the usage restrictions may require use of certain autonomous operation features, in which case enforcing the restrictions may involve preventing the vehicle operator from disabling such features. In embodiments in which a plurality of risk levels are determined for a plurality of times or time periods, the usage restrictions may be similarly determined for each of the plurality of times or time periods based upon the corresponding risk levels. The usage restrictions may be kept in place until other usage restrictions are implemented or until the component is repaired or replaced.

At block 822, the on-board computer 114 may monitor the operation of the vehicle 108 and determine whether the component has been repaired or replaced. This may include determining whether an indication of a repair or replacement has been received as part of component maintenance. Alternatively, this may include continuous or occasional (e.g., periodic or episodic) monitoring and evaluation of additional operating data generated after the detection of the malfunction or deteriorated performance of the component, using the methods discussed above. When the analysis of the operating data based upon the baseline data indicates the component is functioning properly, the on-board computer 114 may stop enacting the usage restrictions, which may include removing the usage restrictions. The method 800 may then terminate.

In some embodiments, the on-board computer 114, mobile device 110, or server 140 may facilitate repair or replacement of the component by automatically scheduling an appointment to repair or replace the component. A type of repair or replacement associated with the component may be determined, which may be included in the notification. One or more repair facilities capable of performing the type of repair or replacement may be identified in an area near the vehicle 108 or a usual garaging location of the vehicle 108. The on-board computer 114, mobile device 110, or server 140 may automatically communicate with a computing device associated with one or more of the repair facilities via the network 130 to select a repair facility and schedule an appointment for repair or replacement of the component. In some embodiments in which the vehicle 108 is capable of fully autonomous operation under the usage restrictions, the on-board computer 114 may control the vehicle 108 to travel fully autonomously without passengers to the repair facility at the scheduled appointment time and return to its previous location following completion of the component repair or replacement.

Exemplary Methods of Determining Risk Using Telematics Data

As described herein, telematics data may be collected and used in monitoring, controlling, evaluating, and assessing risks associated with autonomous or semi-autonomous operation of a vehicle 108. In some embodiments, the Data Application installed on the mobile computing device 110 and/or on-board computer 114 may be used to collect and transmit data regarding vehicle operation. This data may include operating data regarding operation of the vehicle 108, autonomous operation feature settings or configurations, sensor data (including location data), data regarding the type or condition of the sensors 120, telematics data regarding vehicle regarding operation of the vehicle 108, environmental data regarding the environment in which the vehicle 108 is operating (e.g., weather, road, traffic, construction, or other conditions). Such data may be transmitted from the vehicle 108 or the mobile computing device 110 via radio links 183 (and/or via the network 130) to the server 140. The server 140 may receive the data directly or indirectly (i.e., via a wired or wireless link 183 e to the network 130) from one or more vehicles 182 or mobile computing devices 184. Upon receiving the data, the server 140 may process the data to determine one or more risk levels associated with the vehicle 108.

In some embodiments, a plurality of risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle 108 may be determined based upon the received data, using methods similar to those discussed elsewhere herein, and a total risk level associated with the vehicle 108 may be determined based upon the plurality of risk levels. In other embodiments, the server 140 may directly determine a total risk level based upon the received data. Such risk levels may be used for vehicle navigation, vehicle control, control hand-offs between the vehicle and driver, settings adjustments, driver alerts, accident avoidance, insurance policy generation or adjustment, and/or other processes as described elsewhere herein.

In some aspects, computer-implemented methods for monitoring the use of a vehicle 108 having one or more autonomous operation features and/or adjusting an insurance policy associated with the vehicle 108 may be provided. Such methods may comprise the following, with the customer's permission or affirmative consent: (1) collecting sensor data regarding operation of the vehicle 108 from one or more sensors 120 of a mobile computing device 110 and/or otherwise disposed within the vehicle 108; (2) determining telematics data regarding operation of the vehicle 108 based upon the collected sensor data by the mobile computing device 110 and/or on-board computer 114; (3) determining feature use levels indicating usage of the one or more autonomous operation features during operation of the vehicle 108 by an on-board computer of the vehicle 114; (4) receiving the determined feature use levels from the on-board computer 114 at the mobile computing device 110; (5) transmitting information including the telematics data and the feature use levels from the mobile computing device 114 and/or a communication component 122 of the vehicle 108 to a remote server 140 via a radio link 183 or wireless communication channel; (6) receiving the telematics data and the feature use levels at one or more processors of the remote server 140; and/or (7) determining a total risk level associated with operation of the vehicle 108 based at least in part upon the received telematics data and feature use levels by one or more processors of the remote server 140. The remote server 140 may receive the information through a communication network 130 that includes both wired and wireless communication links 183.

In some embodiments, the mobile computing device 110 and/or on-board computer 114 may have a Data Application installed thereon, as described above. Such Data Application may be executed by one or more processors of the mobile computing device 110 and/or on-board computer 114 to, with the customer's permission or affirmative consent, collect the sensor data, determine the telematics data, receive the feature use levels, and transmit the information to the remote server 140. The Data Application may similarly perform or cause to be performed any other functions or operations described herein as being controlled by the mobile computing device 110 and/or on-board computer 114.

The telematics data may include data regarding one or more of the following regarding the vehicle 108: acceleration, braking, speed, heading, and/or location. The telematics data may further include information regarding one or more of the following: time of day of vehicle operation, road conditions in a vehicle environment in which the vehicle is operating, weather conditions in the vehicle environment, and/or traffic conditions in the vehicle environment. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors 120 of the mobile computing device 110 may include one or more of the following sensors disposed within the mobile computing device 110: an accelerometer array, a camera, a microphone, and/or a geolocation unit (e.g., a GPS receiver). In further embodiments, one or more of the sensors 120 may be communicatively connected to the mobile computing device 110 (such as through a wireless communication link).

The feature use levels may be received by the mobile computing device 110 from the on-board computer 114 via yet another radio link 183 between the mobile computing device 110 and the on-board computer 114, such as link 116. The feature use levels may include data indicating adjustable settings for at least one of the one or more autonomous operation features. Such adjustable settings may affect operation of the at least one of the one or more autonomous operation features in controlling an aspect of vehicle operation, as described elsewhere herein.

In some embodiments, the method may further including receiving environmental information regarding the vehicle's environment at the mobile computing device 110 and/or on-board computer 114 via another radio link 183 or wireless communication channel. Such environmental information may also be transmitted to the remote server 140 via the radio link 183 and may be used by the remote server 140 in determining the total risk level. In some embodiments, the remote server 140 may receive part or all of the environmental information through the network 130 from sources other than the mobile computing device 110 and/or on-board computer 114. Such sources may include third-party data sources, such as weather or traffic information services. The environmental data may include one or more of the following: road conditions, weather conditions, nearby traffic conditions, type of road, construction conditions, location of pedestrians, movement of pedestrians, movement of other obstacles, signs, traffic signals, or availability of autonomous communications from external sources. The environmental data may similarly include any other data regarding a vehicle environment described elsewhere herein.

In further embodiments, the method may include collecting addition telematics data and/or information regarding feature use levels at a plurality of additional mobile computing devices 184 associated with a plurality of additional vehicles 182. Such additional telematics data and/or information regarding feature use levels may be transmitted from the plurality of additional mobile computing devices 184 to the remote server 140 via a plurality of radio links 183 and receive at one or more processors of the remote server 140. The remote server 140 may further base the determination of the total risk level at least in part upon the additional telematics data and/or feature use levels.

Some embodiments of the methods described herein may include determining, adjusting, generating, rating, or otherwise performing actions necessary for creating or updating an insurance policy associated with the vehicle 108. Thus, the remote server 140 may receive a request for a quote of a premium associated with a vehicle insurance policy associated with the vehicle 108. Such request may be transmitted via the network 130 from the mobile computing device 110 or another computing device associated with an insurance customer. Alternatively, such request may be generated upon the occurrence of an event, such as the passage of time or a change in a risk level associated with operation of the vehicle 108. In some embodiments, a routine executing on the sever 140 may generate the request based upon the occurrence of an event. Upon receiving such request, the remote server 140 may determine a premium associated with the vehicle insurance policy based at least in part upon the total risk level. An option to purchase the vehicle insurance policy may be presented to a customer associated with the vehicle 108, or information regarding an (actual or predicted) adjustment to an insurance policy may be presented to the customer. For example, the server 140 may cause a predicted change to an insurance policy (e.g., an increase or decrease in a premium) to be presented to the vehicle operator, such as when the vehicle operator is adjusting autonomous operation feature settings. The remote server 140 may alternatively, or additionally, provide information regarding the premium, coverage levels, costs, discounts, rates, or similar information associated with the insurance policy to be presented to the customer for review and/or approval by the mobile computing device 110 or another computing device associated with the customer.

In some embodiments, an insurance rate may be varied or adjusted based upon the functionality of the currently installed components of the vehicle 108 (e.g., whether or not it is exhibiting a malfunction, damage, deteriorated performance, etc.), as well as how the vehicle 108 is operated during a period of component malfunction or performance deterioration. For instance, the insurance rate may be adjusted if the vehicle is being operated in autonomous mode with damaged hardware, software, or sensors. Notifications may be provided to the customer via the mobile device 110 or other computing device of a potential hardware or software component repair, replacement, update, or upgrade based upon previous testing. In further embodiments, a damage assessment processor may send signals to the vehicle that test whether all hardware is working. Such functionality may be part of a maintenance or safety checklist to be performed to verify whether hardware is functional or not. The maintenance or safety checklist may be performed by a technician or automatically by the vehicle 108. Additionally or alternatively, information regarding regularly scheduled maintenance may be used or included in the determination of component status, notification generation, or usage restriction determination.

Risk Assessment

The present embodiments may relate to risk assessment and insurance premium calculation. Autonomous software data may be analyzed to measure the risks of transitioning between human and vehicle as the driver (which may vary by driving environment, e.g., transitioning on the highway, when approaching construction, when exiting the highway, when the driver becomes impaired, and when the driver becomes distracted). Accidents related to the transition of control between the driver and the vehicle may become a common cause of accidents for autonomous vehicles. An insurance provider may be able to provide users information about instances when the user resumed control too late, or disengaged too soon, in order to help users transfer control more safely and reduce the risk of future accidents. Insurance provider remote servers may also be able to notify users of instances in which they themselves or other human drivers have activated autonomous driving features in driving environments for which the technology was not intended, such as using autonomous highway driving features on narrow country roads when intended for use only on divided highways.

An assessment may be performed that compares a vehicle's autonomous capabilities against how drivers are using the features. The present embodiments may be configured to measure when an autonomous vehicle is in control, when the driver is in control, neither, or both. The times when both the driver and the vehicle have partial or joint control may also be determined and measured. These times may present higher risk, and an appropriate auto insurance premium may be higher based upon the number of instances of partial or joint control (or partial lack of control), i.e. the frequency of control transitions. Based upon how the autonomous vehicle software handles these partial or joint control situations, premiums or discounts may be adjusted accordingly based upon risk.

The present embodiments may also be associated with unit-based costs (e.g., per-mile or per-minute premiums) that may only charge for non-autonomous driving or charge a flat fee plus non-autonomous driving factor or fee. For instance, a vehicle manufacturer's policy may cover autonomous driving liability, and manual driving liability for individual customers may be covered via a personal liability policy. It is noted that a personal liability policy may have a lower premium because of commercial policy coverage. An insurance policy may be used to define autonomous driving. Autonomous vehicle data may be analyzed to determine liability for individual claims. Data, such as sensor or system data, may include whether a customer performed required maintenance, and/or met responsibilities defined by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM). Insurance policies may state that if a loss is not covered by the OEM, the insurance provider policy will cover the loss (i.e., the insurance provider provides “gap” coverage). Also, a commercial may cover the OEM, software developer, and/or hardware developer only when vehicle is operating in autonomous mode policy (e.g., product liability). Autonomous vehicle data may be analyzed to determine liability for a claim, including whether a customer performed required maintenance, met responsibilities defined by OEM, and/or what components were involved in leading to or causing a vehicle collision. Insurance premiums for product liability for an autonomous system may only be charged to the customer when the autonomous system is used. For instance, a supplier that sells adaptive cruise control systems or technology may only be charged for product liability when the adaptive cruise control systems or technology are being used similar to usage-based insurance, whether usage is measured by miles or operational time. The present embodiments may also provide non-insurance based uses. Road coverage maps may be developed or generated for various autonomous vehicle software programs. Users may be able to view which autonomous vehicles work in their city, and/or for their typical daily commute. Autonomous vehicles may also be used to scan license plates for police alerts, stolen vehicles, etc.

Autonomous Vehicle Insurance

The disclosure herein relates in part to insurance policies for vehicles with autonomous operation features. Accordingly, as used herein, the term “vehicle” may refer to any of a number of motorized transportation devices. A vehicle may be a car, truck, bus, train, boat, plane, motorcycle, snowmobile, other personal transport devices, etc. Also as used herein, an “autonomous operation feature” of a vehicle means a hardware or software component or system operating within the vehicle to control an aspect of vehicle operation without direct input from a vehicle operator once the autonomous operation feature is enabled or engaged. Autonomous operation features may include semi-autonomous operation features configured to control a part of the operation of the vehicle while the vehicle operator controls other aspects of the operation of the vehicle.

The term “autonomous vehicle” means a vehicle including at least one autonomous operation feature, including semi-autonomous vehicles. A “fully autonomous vehicle” means a vehicle with one or more autonomous operation features capable of operating the vehicle in the absence of or without operating input from a vehicle operator. Operating input from a vehicle operator excludes selection of a destination or selection of settings relating to the one or more autonomous operation features. Autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles and operation features may be classified using the five degrees of automation described by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's. An “electric vehicle” means a vehicle using stored electrical energy to generate motive force to propel the vehicle using an electric motor. An “autonomous electric vehicle” means an autonomous vehicle that is also an electric vehicle.

Additionally, the term “insurance policy” or “vehicle insurance policy,” as used herein, generally refers to a contract between an insurer and an insured. In exchange for payments from the insured, the insurer pays for damages to the insured which are caused by covered perils, acts, or events as specified by the language of the insurance policy. The payments from the insured are generally referred to as “premiums,” and typically are paid by or on behalf of the insured upon purchase of the insurance policy or over time at periodic intervals. Although insurance policy premiums are typically associated with an insurance policy covering a specified period of time, they may likewise be associated with other measures of a duration of an insurance policy, such as a specified distance traveled or a specified number of trips. The amount of the damages payment is generally referred to as a “coverage amount” or a “face amount” of the insurance policy. An insurance policy may remain (or have a status or state of) “in-force” while premium payments are made during the term or length of coverage of the policy as indicated in the policy. An insurance policy may “lapse” (or have a status or state of “lapsed”), for example, when the parameters of the insurance policy have expired, when premium payments are not being paid, when a cash value of a policy falls below an amount specified in the policy, or if the insured or the insurer cancels the policy.

The terms “insurer,” “insuring party,” and “insurance provider” are used interchangeably herein to generally refer to a party or entity (e.g., a business or other organizational entity) that provides insurance products, e.g., by offering and issuing insurance policies. Typically, but not necessarily, an insurance provider may be an insurance company. The terms “insured,” “insured party,” “policyholder,” and “customer” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a person, party, or entity (e.g., a business or other organizational entity) that is covered by the insurance policy, e.g., whose insured article or entity is covered by the policy. Typically, a person or customer (or an agent of the person or customer) of an insurance provider fills out an application for an insurance policy. In some cases, the data for an application may be automatically determined or already associated with a potential customer. The application may undergo underwriting to assess the eligibility of the party and/or desired insured article or entity to be covered by the insurance policy, and, in some cases, to determine any specific terms or conditions that are to be associated with the insurance policy, e.g., amount of the premium, riders or exclusions, waivers, and the like. Upon approval by underwriting, acceptance of the applicant to the terms or conditions, and payment of the initial premium, the insurance policy may be in-force, (i.e., the policyholder is enrolled).

Although the exemplary embodiments discussed herein relate to automobile insurance policies, it should be appreciated that an insurance provider may offer or provide one or more different types of insurance policies. Other types of insurance policies may include, for example, commercial automobile insurance, inland marine and mobile property insurance, ocean marine insurance, boat insurance, motorcycle insurance, farm vehicle insurance, aircraft or aviation insurance, and other types of insurance products.

Some embodiments described herein may relate to assessing and pricing insurance based upon autonomous (or semi-autonomous) operation of the vehicle 108. Risk levels and/or insurance policies may be assessed, generated, or revised based upon the use of autonomous operation features or the availability of autonomous operation features in the vehicle 108. Additionally, risk levels and/or insurance policies may be assessed, generated, or revised based upon the effectiveness or operating status of the autonomous operation features (i.e., degree to which the features are operating as intended or are impaired, damaged, or otherwise prevented from full and ordinary operation), location (e.g., general areas, types of areas, or specific road segments) or duration (e.g., distance, time duration of operation, time of day, continuous operation, etc.) of autonomous operation feature use, whether recommendations for appropriate feature use or optimal routes are followed, or other information associated with the methods described herein. In particular, compliance, noncompliance, or degree of compliance with recommendations or requirements of allowable or optimal routes (including degree of manual or autonomous operation along portions of such routes) may be used to determine discounts, surcharges, fees, premiums, etc. Thus, information regarding the capabilities or effectiveness of the autonomous operation features available to be used or actually used in operation of the vehicle 108 may be used in risk assessment and insurance policy determinations.

Insurance providers currently develop a set of rating factors based upon the make, model, and model year of a vehicle. Models with better loss experience receive lower factors, and thus lower rates. One reason that this current rating system cannot be used to assess risk for vehicles using autonomous technologies is that many autonomous operation features vary for the same vehicle model. For example, two vehicles of the same model may have different hardware features for automatic braking, different computer instructions for automatic steering, and/or different artificial intelligence system versions. The current make and model rating may also not account for the extent to which another “driver,” in this case the vehicle itself, is controlling the vehicle. The present embodiments may assess and price insurance risks at least in part based upon autonomous operation features that replace actions of the driver. In a way, the vehicle-related computer instructions and artificial intelligence may be viewed as a “driver.”

Insurance policies, including insurance premiums, discounts, and rewards, may be updated, adjusted, and/or determined based upon hardware or software functionality, and/or hardware or software upgrades, associated with autonomous operation features. Insurance policies, including insurance premiums, discounts, etc. may also be updated, adjusted, and/or determined based upon the amount of usage and/or the type(s) of the autonomous or semi-autonomous technology employed by the vehicle. In one embodiment, performance of autonomous driving software and/or sophistication of artificial intelligence utilized in the autonomous operation features may be analyzed for each vehicle. An automobile insurance premium may be determined by evaluating how effectively the vehicle may be able to avoid and/or mitigate crashes and/or the extent to which the driver's control of the vehicle is enhanced or replaced by the vehicle's software and artificial intelligence.

When pricing a vehicle with autonomous operation features, artificial intelligence capabilities, rather than human decision making, may be evaluated to determine the relative risk of the insurance policy. This evaluation may be conducted using multiple techniques. Autonomous operation feature technology may be assessed in a test environment, in which the ability of the artificial intelligence to detect and avoid potential crashes may be demonstrated experimentally. For example, this may include a vehicle's ability to detect a slow-moving vehicle ahead and/or automatically apply the brakes to prevent a collision. Additionally, actual loss experience of the software in question may be analyzed. Vehicles with superior artificial intelligence and crash avoidance capabilities may experience lower insurance losses in real driving situations. Results from both the test environment and/or actual insurance losses may be compared to the results of other autonomous software packages and/or vehicles lacking autonomous operation features to determine a relative risk levels or risk factors for one or more autonomous operation features. To determine such risk levels or factors, the control decisions generated by autonomous operation features may be assessed to determine the degree to which actual or shadow control decisions are expected to succeed in avoiding or mitigating vehicle accidents. This risk levels or factors may be applicable to other vehicles that utilize the same or similar autonomous operation features and may, in some embodiments, be applied to vehicle utilizing similar features (such as other software versions), which may require adjustment for differences between the features.

Emerging technology, such as new iterations of artificial intelligence systems or other autonomous operation features, may be priced by combining an individual test environment assessment with actual losses corresponding to vehicles with similar autonomous operation features. The entire vehicle software and artificial intelligence evaluation process may be conducted with respect to each of various autonomous operation features, including fully autonomous operation feature, semi-autonomous operation features, or vehicle-to-vehicle communications. A risk level or risk factor associated with the one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle could then be determined and applied when pricing insurance for the vehicle. In some embodiments, the driver's past loss experience and/or other driver risk characteristics may not be considered for fully autonomous vehicles, in which all driving decisions are made by the vehicle's artificial intelligence. Risks associated with the driver's operation of the vehicle may, however, be included in embodiments in which the driver controls some portion of vehicle operation in at least some circumstances.

In one embodiment, a separate portion of the automobile insurance premium may be based explicitly on the effectiveness of the autonomous operation features. The artificial intelligence pricing model may be combined with traditional methods for semi-autonomous vehicle operation. Insurance pricing for fully autonomous, or driverless, vehicles may be based upon an artificial intelligence model score by excluding traditional rating factors that measure risk presented by the drivers. Evaluation of vehicle software and/or artificial intelligence may be conducted on an aggregate basis or for specific combinations of autonomous operation features and/or driving factors.

An analysis of how the artificial intelligence of autonomous operation features facilitates avoiding accidents and/or mitigates the severity of accidents in order to build a database and/or model of risk assessment. After which, automobile insurance risk and/or premiums (as well as insurance discounts, rewards, and/or points) may be adjusted based upon autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle functionality, such as by individual autonomous operation features or groups thereof. In one aspect, an evaluation may be performed of how artificial intelligence, and the usage thereof, impacts automobile accidents and/or automobile insurance claims. Such analysis may be based upon data from a plurality of autonomous vehicles operating in ordinary use, or the analysis may be based upon tests performed upon autonomous vehicles and/or autonomous operation feature test units.

The types of autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle-related functionality or technology implemented by various autonomous operation features may include or be related to the following: (a) fully autonomous (driverless); (b) limited driver control; (c) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) wireless communication; (d) vehicle-to-infrastructure (and/or vice versa) wireless communication; (e) automatic or semi-automatic steering; (f) automatic or semi-automatic acceleration; (g) automatic or semi-automatic braking; (h) automatic or semi-automatic blind spot monitoring; (i) automatic or semi-automatic collision warning; (j) adaptive cruise control; (k) automatic or semi-automatic parking/parking assistance; (1) automatic or semi-automatic collision preparation (windows roll up, seat adjusts upright, brakes pre-charge, etc.); (m) driver acuity/alertness monitoring; (n) pedestrian detection; (o) autonomous or semi-autonomous backup systems; (p) road mapping systems; (q) software security and anti-hacking measures; (r) theft prevention/automatic return; (s) automatic or semi-automatic driving without occupants; and/or other functionality.

The adjustments to automobile insurance rates or premiums based upon the autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle-related functionality or technology may take into account the impact of such functionality or technology on the likelihood of a vehicle accident or collision occurring or upon the likely severity of such accident or collision. For instance, a processor may analyze historical accident information and/or test data involving vehicles having autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality. Factors that may be analyzed and/or accounted for that are related to insurance risk, accident information, or test data may include the following: (1) point of impact; (2) type of road; (3) time of day; (4) weather conditions; (5) road construction; (6) type/length of trip; (7) vehicle style; (8) level of pedestrian traffic; (9) level of vehicle congestion; (10) atypical situations (such as manual traffic signaling); (11) availability of internet connection for the vehicle; and/or other factors. These types of factors may also be weighted according to historical accident information, predicted accidents, vehicle trends, test data, and/or other considerations.

Automobile insurance premiums, rates, discounts, rewards, refunds, points, etc. may be adjusted based upon the percentage of time or vehicle usage that the vehicle is the driver, i.e., the amount of time a specific driver uses each type of autonomous operation feature. In other words, insurance premiums, discounts, rewards, etc. may be adjusted based upon the percentage of vehicle usage during which the autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality is in use. For example, automobile insurance risks, premiums, discounts, etc. for an automobile having one or more autonomous operation features may be adjusted and/or set based upon the percentage of vehicle usage that the one or more individual autonomous operation features are in use, which may include an assessment of settings used for the autonomous operation features. In some embodiments, such automobile insurance risks, premiums, discounts, etc. may be further set or adjusted based upon availability, use, or quality of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) wireless communication to a nearby vehicle also employing the same or other type(s) of autonomous communication features.

Insurance premiums, rates, ratings, discounts, rewards, special offers, points, programs, refunds, claims, claim amounts, etc. may be adjusted for, or may otherwise take into account, the foregoing functionalities, technologies, or aspects of the autonomous operation features of vehicles, as described elsewhere herein. For instance, insurance policies may be updated based upon autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle functionality; V2V wireless communication-based autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle functionality; and/or vehicle-to-infrastructure or infrastructure-to-vehicle wireless communication-based autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle functionality.

Machine Learning

Machine learning techniques have been developed that allow parametric or nonparametric statistical analysis of large quantities of data. Such machine learning techniques may be used to automatically identify relevant variables (i.e., variables having statistical significance or a sufficient degree of explanatory power) from data sets. This may include identifying relevant variables or estimating the effect of such variables that indicate actual observations in the data set. This may also include identifying latent variables not directly observed in the data, viz. variables inferred from the observed data points. In some embodiments, the methods and systems described herein may use machine learning techniques to identify and estimate the effects of observed or latent variables such as time of day, weather conditions, traffic congestion, interaction between autonomous operation features, or other such variables that influence the risks associated with autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicle operation.

Some embodiments described herein may include automated machine learning to determine risk levels, identify relevant risk factors, optimize autonomous or semi-autonomous operation, optimize routes, determine autonomous operation feature effectiveness, predict user demand for a vehicle, determine vehicle operator or passenger illness or injury, evaluate sensor operating status, predict sensor failure, evaluate damage to a vehicle, predict repairs to a vehicle, predict risks associated with manual vehicle operation based upon the driver and environmental conditions, recommend optimal or preferred autonomous operation feature usage, estimate risk reduction or cost savings from feature usage changes, determine when autonomous operation features should be engaged or disengaged, determine whether a driver is prepared to resume control of some or all vehicle operations, and/or determine other events, conditions, risks, or actions as described elsewhere herein. Although the methods described elsewhere herein may not directly mention machine learning techniques, such methods may be read to include such machine learning for any determination or processing of data that may be accomplished using such techniques. In some embodiments, such machine-learning techniques may be implemented automatically upon occurrence of certain events or upon certain conditions being met. Use of machine learning techniques, as described herein, may begin with training a machine learning program, or such techniques may begin with a previously trained machine learning program.

A processor or a processing element may be trained using supervised or unsupervised machine learning, and the machine learning program may employ a neural network, which may be a convolutional neural network, a deep learning neural network, or a combined learning module or program that learns in two or more fields or areas of interest. Machine learning may involve identifying and recognizing patterns in existing data (such as autonomous vehicle system, feature, or sensor data, autonomous vehicle system control signal data, vehicle-mounted sensor data, mobile device sensor data, and/or telematics, image, or radar data) in order to facilitate making predictions for subsequent data (again, such as autonomous vehicle system, feature, or sensor data, autonomous vehicle system control signal data, vehicle-mounted sensor data, mobile device sensor data, and/or telematics, image, or radar data). Models may be created based upon example inputs of data in order to make valid and reliable predictions for novel inputs.

Additionally or alternatively, the machine learning programs may be trained by inputting sample data sets or certain data into the programs, such as autonomous system sensor and/or control signal data, vehicle telematics data, intelligent home data, and other data discuss herein. The machine learning programs may utilize deep learning algorithms that are primarily focused on pattern recognition, and may be trained after processing multiple examples. The machine learning programs may include Bayesian program learning (BPL), voice recognition and synthesis, image or object recognition, optical character recognition, and/or natural language processing—either individually or in combination. The machine learning programs may also include natural language processing, semantic analysis, automatic reasoning, and/or machine learning.

In supervised machine learning, a processing element may be provided with example inputs and their associated outputs, and may seek to discover a general rule that maps inputs to outputs, so that when subsequent novel inputs are provided the processing element may, based upon the discovered rule, accurately predict the correct or a preferred output. In unsupervised machine learning, the processing element may be required to find its own structure in unlabeled example inputs. In one embodiment, machine learning techniques may be used to extract the control signals generated by the autonomous systems or sensors, and under what conditions those control signals were generated by the autonomous systems or sensors. Similarly, relevant personal and/or driving behavior-related information for vehicle operators may be extracted from vehicle-mounted, mobile device-mounted, and/or other sensor data, telematics data, image data, vehicle and GPS data, and/or other data.

The machine learning programs may be trained with autonomous system data, autonomous sensor data, and/or vehicle-mounted or mobile device sensor data to identify actions taken by the autonomous vehicle before, during, and/or after vehicle collisions; identify who was behind the wheel of the vehicle (whether actively driving, or riding along as the autonomous vehicle autonomously drove); identify actions taken be the human driver and/or autonomous system, and under what (road, traffic, congestion, or weather) conditions those actions were directed by the autonomous vehicle or the human driver; identify damage (or the extent of damage) to insurable vehicles after an insurance-related event or vehicle collision; and/or generate proposed insurance claims for insured parties after an insurance-related event.

The machine learning programs may be trained with autonomous system data, autonomous vehicle sensor data, and/or vehicle-mounted or mobile device sensor data to identify preferred (or recommended) and actual control signals relating to or associated with, for example, whether to apply the brakes; how quickly to apply the brakes; an amount of force or pressure to apply the brakes; how much to increase or decrease speed; how quickly to increase or decrease speed; how quickly to accelerate or decelerate; how quickly to change lanes or exit; the speed to take while traversing an exit or on ramp; at what speed to approach a stop sign or light; how quickly to come to a complete stop; and/or how quickly to accelerate from a complete stop.

A processor or a processing element may be trained using supervised or unsupervised machine learning, and the machine learning program may employ a neural network, which may be a convolutional neural network, a deep learning neural network, or a combined learning module or program that learns in two or more fields or areas of interest. Machine learning may involve identifying and recognizing patterns in existing data in order to facilitate making predictions for subsequent data, such that the machine learning programs may be trained by inputting sample data sets or certain data into the programs, such as image, vehicle telematics, and/or intelligent home telematics data. The machine learning programs may include Bayesian program learning (BPL), voice recognition and synthesis, image or object recognition, optical character recognition, natural language processing, semantic analysis, and/or automatic reasoning. Models may be created based upon example inputs in order to make valid and reliable predictions for novel inputs.

Machine learning techniques may be used to extract the relevant personal and/or driving behavior-related information for drivers from vehicle-mounted, mobile device-mounted, and/or other sensor data, telematics data, image data, vehicle and GPS data, and/or other data. In one embodiment, a processing element may be trained by providing it with a large sample of conventional analog and/or digital, still and/or moving (i.e., video) image data, telematics data, and/or other data of drivers with known driving characteristics or driving risk profiles. Such information may include, for example, acceleration, cornering, speed, braking, and other driving characteristics and known risks associated with those characteristics. Based upon these analyses, the processing element may learn how to identify characteristics and patterns that may then be applied to analyzing sensor data, telematics data, image data, vehicle data, autonomous system data, GPS data, and/or other data of new drivers or insurance applicants. For example, the processing element may learn to determine the applicant's driving risk profile from telematics and image data of applicant's driving behavior, may learn to identify low risk or risk averse driving behavior by the applicant through vehicle operation, and/or may learn to determine such other information as the applicant's typical area of travel. In another embodiment, a processing element may be trained by providing it with a large sample of conventional analog and/or digital, still and/or moving (i.e., video) image data, and/or other data of roads with known defects/obstacles or of known obstacles. The road defects/obstacles may be include pot holes, detours, construction, pedestrians, parked vehicles, congestion, traffic, and the known obstacles may include pedestrians, vehicles, construction crews, animals (deer, moose, boars, etc.).

The processing element may learn how to identify characteristics and patterns that may then be applied to analyzing sensor data, telematics data, image data, vehicle data, autonomous system data, GPS data, and/or other data of related to roads drivers are traveling. For example, the processing element may use machine learning, pattern recognition, or object recognition techniques to learn to determine the defects in the road ahead and/or obstacles on the road ahead, and/or may learn to identify low risk or high risk defects or obstacles.

After training, machine learning programs (or information generated by such machine learning programs) may be used to evaluate additional data. Such data may be related to tests of new autonomous operation feature or versions thereof, actual operation of an autonomous vehicle, or other similar data to be analyzed or processed. The trained machine learning programs (or programs utilizing models, parameters, or other data produced through the training process) may then be used for determining, assessing, analyzing, predicting, estimating, evaluating, or otherwise processing new data not included in the training data. Such trained machine learning programs may, thus, be used to perform part or all of the analytical functions of the methods described elsewhere herein.

Other Matters

In some aspect, customers may opt-in to a rewards, loyalty, or other program. The customers may allow a remote server to collect sensor, telematics, vehicle, mobile device, and other types of data discussed herein. With customer permission or affirmative consent, the data collected may be analyzed to provide certain benefits to customers. For instance, insurance cost savings may be provided to lower risk or risk averse customers. Recommendations that lower risk or provide cost savings to customers may also be generated and provided to customers based upon data analysis. The other functionality discussed herein may also be provided to customers in return for them allowing collection and analysis of the types of data discussed herein.

Although the text herein sets forth a detailed description of numerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the legal scope of the invention is defined by the words of the claims set forth at the end of this patent. The detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment, as describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. One could implement numerous alternate embodiments, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims.

It should also be understood that, unless a term is expressly defined in this patent using the sentence “As used herein, the term ‘______’ is hereby defined to mean . . . ” or a similar sentence, there is no intent to limit the meaning of that term, either expressly or by implication, beyond its plain or ordinary meaning, and such term should not be interpreted to be limited in scope based upon any statement made in any section of this patent (other than the language of the claims). To the extent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this disclosure is referred to in this disclosure in a manner consistent with a single meaning, that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader, and it is not intended that such claim term be limited, by implication or otherwise, to that single meaning. Finally, unless a claim element is defined by reciting the word “means” and a function without the recital of any structure, it is not intended that the scope of any claim element be interpreted based upon the application of 35 U.S.C. § 112(f).

Throughout this specification, plural instances may implement components, operations, or structures described as a single instance. Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustrated and described as separate operations, one or more of the individual operations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that the operations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures and functionality presented as separate components in example configurations may be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionality presented as a single component may be implemented as separate components. These and other variations, modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of the subject matter herein.

Additionally, certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a number of routines, subroutines, applications, or instructions. These may constitute either software (code embodied on a non-transitory, tangible machine-readable medium) or hardware. In hardware, the routines, etc., are tangible units capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application or application portion) as a hardware module that operates to perform certain operations as described herein.

In various embodiments, a hardware module may be implemented mechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware module may comprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured (e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to perform certain operations. A hardware module may also comprise programmable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within a general-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. It will be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may be driven by cost and time considerations.

Accordingly, the term “hardware module” should be understood to encompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or to perform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments in which hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed), each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where the hardware modules comprise a general-purpose processor configured using software, the general-purpose processor may be configured as respective different hardware modules at different times. Software may accordingly configure a processor, for example, to constitute a particular hardware module at one instance of time and to constitute a different hardware module at a different instance of time.

Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive information from, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardware modules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multiple of such hardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may be achieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) that connect the hardware modules. In embodiments in which multiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at different times, communications between such hardware modules may be achieved, for example, through the storage and retrieval of information in memory structures to which the multiple hardware modules have access. For example, one hardware module may perform an operation and store the output of that operation in a memory device to which it is communicatively coupled. A further hardware module may then, at a later time, access the memory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardware modules may also initiate communications with input or output devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information).

The various operations of example methods described herein may be performed, at least partially, by one or more processors that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modules referred to herein may, in some example embodiments, comprise processor-implemented modules.

Similarly, the methods or routines described herein may be at least partially processor-implemented. For example, at least some of the operations of a method may be performed by one or more processors or processor-implemented hardware modules. The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the processor or processors may be located in a single location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment or as a server farm), while in other embodiments the processors may be distributed across a number of locations.

The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed among the one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may be located in a single geographic location (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other example embodiments, the one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may be distributed across a number of geographic locations.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, discussions herein using words such as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,” “presenting,” “displaying,” or the like may refer to actions or processes of a machine (e.g., a computer) that manipulates or transforms data represented as physical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical) quantities within one or more memories (e.g., volatile memory, non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof), registers, or other machine components that receive, store, transmit, or display information.

As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment.

Some embodiments may be described using the expression “coupled” and “connected” along with their derivatives. For example, some embodiments may be described using the term “coupled” to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. The term “coupled,” however, may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other, but yet still co-operate or interact with each other. The embodiments are not limited in this context.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the description. This description, and the claims that follow, should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

This detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment, as describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. One could implement numerous alternate embodiments, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this application.

Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciate still additional alternative structural and functional designs for system and a method for assigning mobile device data to a vehicle through the disclosed principles herein. Thus, while particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes and variations, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may be made in the arrangement, operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope defined in the appended claims.

The particular features, structures, or characteristics of any specific embodiment may be combined in any suitable manner and in any suitable combination with one or more other embodiments, including the use of selected features without corresponding use of other features. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular application, situation or material to the essential scope and spirit of the present invention. It is to be understood that other variations and modifications of the embodiments of the present invention described and illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachings herein and are to be considered part of the spirit and scope of the present invention.

While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been described, it should be understood that the invention is not so limited and modifications may be made without departing from the invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims, and all devices that come within the meaning of the claims, either literally or by equivalence, are intended to be embraced therein.

It is therefore intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting, and that it be understood that it is the following claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method for maintaining components of vehicles having one or more autonomous operation features, comprising: monitoring, by one or more processors, operating data regarding operation of the one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle in controlling one or more aspects of operation of the vehicle; accessing, by one or more processors, baseline data collected at a time when the components of the vehicle are known to be functioning properly and that is associated with proper functioning of the one or more autonomous operation features; detecting, by one or more processors, a deterioration of performance of a component of the vehicle based upon the operating data and the baseline data; determining, by one or more processors, one or more predictions of probabilities of failure of the component at one or more times; and enforcing, by one or more processors, one or more usage restrictions associated with at least one of the autonomous operation features based upon the deterioration of performance of the component, the one or more usage restrictions being associated with the determined one or more times.
 2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by one or more processors, one or more risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle using t at least one of the autonomous operation features associated with the component; and wherein the one or more usage restrictions associated with the at least one of the autonomous operation features are based upon the one or more risk levels.
 3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein enforcing the one or more usage restrictions includes disabling the at least one autonomous operation feature.
 4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein: the component is a sensor providing sensor data to at least one of the one or more autonomous operation features; and the operating data includes sensor data generated by the sensor.
 5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by one or more processors, a component maintenance requirement status associated with the component based upon the detected deterioration of performance, wherein the component maintenance requirement status indicates a predicted future failure of the component; generating, by one or more processors, a notification including information regarding the component maintenance requirement status and a recommendation to repair or replace the component; and presenting, by one or more processors, the notification to an owner, operator, or other party associated with the vehicle.
 6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, further comprising: monitoring, by one or more processors, additional operating data associated with the component following presentation of the notification; determining, by one or more processors, whether the component has been repaired or replaced based upon the additional operating data and the baseline data; and when the component has been repaired or replaced, removing, by one or more processors, the one or more usage restrictions.
 7. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein: the component maintenance requirement status includes the determined one or more predictions of probabilities of failure of the component at the determined one or more times; and one or more risk levels are associated with the plurality of times and are determined based at least in part upon the one or more predictions of probabilities.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein determining the component maintenance requirement status includes evaluating the operating data using a machine learning model, the machine learning model having previously been trained using historical operating data associated with known statuses of components.
 9. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein the component maintenance requirement status includes an indication of a type of repair or replacement associated with the component, and further comprising: identifying, by one or more processors, a repair facility capable of performing the type of repair or replacement; and automatically communicating, via a computer communication network, with a computing device associated with the repair facility to schedule an appointment to perform the determined type of repair or replacement.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim 5, wherein: the component is a software component associated with the one or more autonomous operation features; the operating data includes software data regarding operation of the software component; and the component maintenance requirement status indicates an update or patch to the software component to be installed.
 11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10, wherein the deterioration of performance is detected by determining that the software component is a corrupted copy of a software program or not a current version of the software program.
 12. A computer system for maintaining components of vehicles having one or more autonomous operation features, comprising: one or more processors disposed within the vehicle; and a program memory coupled to the one or more processors and storing executable instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the computer system to: monitor operating data regarding operation of the one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle in controlling one or more aspects of operation of the vehicle; access baseline data collected at a time when the components of the vehicle are known to be functioning properly and that is associated with proper functioning of the one or more autonomous operation features; detect a deterioration of performance of a component of the vehicle based upon the operating data and the baseline data; determine one or more predictions of probabilities of failure of the component at one or more times; and enforce one or more usage restrictions associated with at least one of the autonomous operation features based upon the deterioration of performance of the component, the one or more usage restrictions being associated with the determined one or more times.
 13. The computer system of claim 12, wherein the executable instructions further cause the computer system to: determine one or more risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle using the at least one of the autonomous operation features associated with the component; and wherein the one or more usage restrictions associated with the at least one of the autonomous operation features are based upon the one or more risk levels.
 14. The computer system of claim 12, wherein: the component is a sensor providing sensor data to at least one of the one or more autonomous operation features; and the operating data includes sensor data generated by the sensor.
 15. The computer system of claim 12, wherein the executable instructions further cause the computer system to: determine a component maintenance requirement status associated with the component based upon the detected deterioration of performance, wherein the component maintenance requirement status indicates a predicted future failure of the component; generate a notification including information regarding the component maintenance requirement status and a recommendation to repair or replace the component; and present the notification to an owner, operator, or other party associated with the vehicle.
 16. The computer system of claim 15, wherein: the component is a software component associated with the one or more autonomous operation features; the operating data includes software data regarding operation of the software component; and the component maintenance requirement status indicates an update or patch to the software component to be installed.
 17. The computer system of claim 16, wherein the deterioration of performance is detected by determining that the software component is a corrupted copy of a software program or not a current version of the software program.
 18. A tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium storing executable instructions for maintaining components of vehicles having one or more autonomous operation features that, when executed by at least one processor of a computer system, cause the computer system to: monitor operating data regarding operation of the one or more autonomous operation features of the vehicle in controlling one or more aspects of operation of the vehicle; access baseline data collected at a time when the components of the vehicle are known to be functioning properly and that is associated with proper functioning of the one or more autonomous operation features; detect a deterioration of performance of a component of the vehicle based upon the operating data and the baseline data; determine one or more predictions of probabilities of failure of the component at one or more times; and enforce one or more usage restrictions associated with at least one of the autonomous operation features based upon the deterioration of performance of the components the one or more usage restrictions being associated with the determined one or more times.
 19. The tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18, further storing executable instructions cause the computer system to: determine one or more risk levels associated with operation of the vehicle using the at least one of the autonomous operation features associated with the component; wherein the one or more usage restrictions associated with the at least one of the autonomous operation features are based upon the one or more risk levels.
 20. The tangible, non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18, further storing executable instructions cause the computer system to: determine a component maintenance requirement status associated with the component based upon the detected deterioration of performance, wherein the component maintenance requirement status indicates a predicted future failure of the component; generate a notification including information regarding the component maintenance requirement status and a recommendation to repair or replace the component; and present the notification to an owner, operator, or other party associated with the vehicle. 